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Transcript of Chapter 5 Tissues. 5 - 2 u Introduction: Tissues u A.Groups of cells are arranged in tissues that...
Chapter 5Tissues
5 - 2
Introduction: Tissues
A. Groups of cells are arranged in tissues that provide specific functions for the body.
B. Also contain an extracellular matrix – a nonliving portion supports the cells and transmits signals to cells
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C. Four types of tissues:
• Epithelial
• Connective
• Muscle
• Nervous
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Epithelial Tissue A. General Characteristics:
Found throughout the body Has an exposed surface A basement membrane anchors it to
connective tissue Lack blood vessels Tightly packed Readily divide
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B. Categorizing Epithelial Tissues Shape
• Squamous• Cuboidal• Columnar
Layers• Simple• Stratified
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Fig. 5.02a
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C. _____ _______ Epithelium
1. _____ ______ epithelium consists of a single layer of cube-shaped cells with centrally located nuclei.
2. Locations: - Covers ovaries, lines
most kidney tubules and ducts of some glands (thyroid, salivary, pancreas and liver)
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3. Functions:
- In kidneys: Secretion and absorption
- In glands: Secretion
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Fig. 5.01a
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B. _______ _______ Epithelium 1. ______ ______
epithelium is made up of a single layer of thin, flattened cells.
2. Locations:- Lines air sacs,
makes up the walls of capillaries and lines the inside of blood
and lymph vessels
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3. Functions:
- Site of diffusion (gas exchange in lungs)
- Site of filtration (blood and lymph vessels )
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Fig. 5.01a
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Fig. 5.03a
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D. ______ ________ Epithelium
1. Made up of a row of elongated cells whose nuclei are all located near the basement membrane. It may be ciliated.
2. Locations:- Ciliated: Female
reproductive tubes- Nonciliated: Lines uterus and
most organs of the digestive tract
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3. Functions:
- Ciliated: Moves egg cells to uterus
- In digestive system: Secreted digestive fluids and absorbs nutrients.
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- May contain microvilli that increase surface area for absorption
- Also contain Goblet cells: Glands that secrete mucus for protection.
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Fig. 5.04a
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E. _________ _________ Epithelium
1. These cells appear layered due to the varying positions of their nuclei within the row of cells, but are not truly layered.
2. Cilia may be present, along with mucus-secreting globlet cells, that line and sweep debris from respiratory tubes.
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3. Locations:- Lines passage of respiratory
system4. Functions:
- Goblet cells secrete sticky mucus which traps dust and microorganisms
- Cilia move this mucus with particles up and out of respiratory system
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Fig. 5.05a
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F. _______ _______ Epithelium
1. This type of tissue is made up of layers of flattened
cells that are designed to protect underlying layers.
2. Locations:- It makes up the outer layer of skin (epidermis)- Lines the mouth, throat, vagina, and anal canal.
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Keratinization in the Epidermis As cells age, they produce the protein,
Keratin, and dry out. These cells move towards top layer
Produces a covering of dry, tough protective covering
Prevents water loss and blocks chemicals and microorganisms from entering.
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Fig. 5.05a
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Fig. 5.07a
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H. _______ _______ Epithelium 1. This tissue consists of
several layers of cells and is found in the vas deferens, part of the male urethra,
and parts of the pharynx.
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I. Transitional Epithelium
Transitional epithelium is designed to distend and
return to its normal size, as it does in the lining of the urinary bladder.
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Fig. 5.06a
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G. _________ ________ Epithelium1. This tissue consists of two to three
layers of cuboidal cells which provides greater protection
2. Locations:- Lining of the lumen
(space within tubular structures)
-Lines larger ducts of mammary, sweat, and salivary glands, as well as the pancreas
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J. Glandular Epithelium1. This tissue is made up
of cells designed to produce and secrete substances into ducts or into body fluids. 2. Found within columnar and
cuboidal epithelia
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3. Types:
a Endocrine Secretes substances into body fluids
b. Exocrine: Secretes substances into ducts
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3. Exocrine glands are classified by the ways they secrete their products.
a. Merocrine glands release fluid products by exocytosis (pancreas) and are grouped
as serous which produce a watery fluid or
mucus which produce a thicker, protective substance.
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b. Apocrine glands lose portions of their cell bodies during secretion (mammary glands).
c. Holocrine glands release entire cells (sebaceous glands).
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Fig. 5.09
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Connective Tissues:A. General Characteristics
1. Functions:- bind structures- provide support and
protection- framework- fill spaces- store fat- produce blood cells- protect against infections- help repair tissue damage
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2. Unlike epithelial tissues, connective tissues
have abundant matrix, or intercellular material, throughout, and have good blood supplies (except cartilage).
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Fig. 5.10
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B. Major Cell Types
1. Fibroblasts• Fixed cell• Produce fibers into
extracellular matrix
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Fig. 5.11
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2. Macrophages A wandering cell; a.k.a.
Histiocytes Destroy foreign substances by
phagocytosis
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Fig. 5.12
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3. Mast cells Release heparin (prevents blood
clotting) and histamine (associated with allergic reactions and inflammation)
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C. Connective Tissue Fibers
Collagenous Fibers Thick threads of collagen Flexible and slightly
elastic Resist pulling force Examples: Tendons and
ligaments
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Elastic Fibers Made of protein, elastin Thin and form networks Can stretch and resume original
shape Locations: Vocal cords
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Reticular fibers
Very thin collagenous fibers
Form delicate supporting network
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Fig. 5.13a
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D. _______ ________ (______) Tissue
Forms delicate, thin membranes Cells are spread apart Binds skin to underlying organs Fills space between muscles
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Fig. 5.14a
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E. _________ Tissue Stores fat Found:
• Beneath skin• Between muscles• Surface of the heart• Around some joints
Functions:• Cushions and insulates• Stores energy
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Fig. 5.15a
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F. _______ ________ Tissue
Tightly packed, thick collagenous fibers
Has relatively few cells Very strong and can
withstand pulling forces Makeup parts of tendons and
ligaments Poor blood supply
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Fig. 5.16a
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G. Cartilage Cartilage is a rigid connective
tissue Provides a supportive framework
for various structures. It lacks a vascular system Cartilage cells (chondrocytes)
lie within lacunae (small chambers) in
the gel-like fluid matrix.
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Hyaline cartilage Has fine collagenous fibers Found:
• On ends of bones in many joints
• Nose• Supporting rings of
respiratory passages
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Elastic cartilage Dense network of elastic cartliage Found:
• External ears
• Parts of the larynx
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Fibrocartilage Very tough tissue with many
collagenous fibers Shock absorber Found:
• Intervertral discs
• Knees
• Pelvic girdle
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H. Bone
Bone is the most rigid connective tissue
Functions:• Bone internally supports the
body • Protects internal organs• Forms muscle attachments• Site for blood cell formation.
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Bone cells, called osteocytes, lie within lacunae and are
arranged in concentric circles (osteons) around osteonic canals interconnected by
canaliculi. Bone has a good blood supply,
enabling rapid recovery after an injury.
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Osteocyte
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I. Blood
1. Blood is composed of cells (red and white) suspended in a liquid matrix called plasma.
2. It functions to transport substances throughout the body and fight infection.
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Muscle Tissues:A. General Characteristics
1. Muscle cells, or fibers, can contract and consist of three major types.
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Fig. 5.21a
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Fig. 5.22a
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B. Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Found: Control: Has Multiple Nuclei Appearance:• Due to alternating light and dark strands in muscle cells
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Skeletal Muscle
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C. Smooth Muscle Tissue
Found: Control: Appearance Contain a single nucleus
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D. Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Found: Intercalated disks Appearance: Control: Contain a single nucleus
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Nervous Tissues: A. Nervous tissues are found:B. ________, or nerve cells, conduct
nervous impulses while helper cells, or _________, support and nourish the neurons.
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Epithelial Membranes
Composed of a layer of epithelial tissue and a layer of connective tissue
Cover body surfaces and line body cavities
Four main types: serous, mucous, synovial, and cutaneous
Considered to be organs because these membranes are composed of more than one type of tissue
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Types of Membranes
A. _________ membranes line body cavities that lack openings to the outside.
1. They line the thorax and abdomen and cover the organs within these cavities.
2. Made up of epithelium and loose connective tissue and secrete serous fluid that acts as a lubricant.
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B. _______ membranes line the cavities and openings that lead to the outside of the body, including the oral and nasal cavities, and openings of the digestive, reproductive, respiratory, and urinary systems.
1. They consist of epithelium and connective tissue with
specialized cells that secrete mucus.
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C. __________ membranes line the joint cavities.
1. These membranes consist of only connective tissues, and they secrete lubricating synovial fluid.D. The cutaneous membrane consists of the skin (also called the integument).
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