Chapter 5 - Solid & Fluid

8/10/2019 Chapter 5 - Solid & Fluid

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TECHNICIANTECHNICIANSCIENCESCIENCE

TOPIC 5TOPIC 5

SOLID & FLUIDSOLID & FLUID


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OBJECTIVEOBJECTIVE

State solid & liquid and gas characteristicsState solid & liquid and gas characteristics

Determine material density and specific densityDetermine material density and specific density Eplain measurement and pressure control fluidEplain measurement and pressure control fluid

systemsystem

!ascal "a#$s!ascal "a#$s

%rchimedes "a#$s%rchimedes "a#$s Sole pro'lems related to solid and fluidSole pro'lems related to solid and fluid

Determine material densityDetermine material density

()DE*ST%)DI)+ O, SO"ID- "I.(ID()DE*ST%)DI)+ O, SO"ID- "I.(ID

& +%S& +%S


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CO)CE!T(%" /%!CO)CE!T(%" /%!

!ressure!ressure!ressure!ressure

!ressure in!ressure inliquidsliquids

!ressure in!ressure in

li

quidsliquids

formulaformula

!ressure!ressure

! 0 h! 0 hgg

!ressure!ressure

! 0 h! 0 h

gg

+enerali1ed in+enerali1ed in

!ascal$s!ascal$s

principleprinciple

!ascal$s!ascal$s

principleprinciple%rchimedes$%rchimedes$

principleprinciple

%rchimedes$%rchimedes$

principleprinciple

!ressure!ressure!ressure!ressure

+eneral formula+eneral formula

! 0! 0 ,,

%%

! 0! 0 ,,

%%

of #hichof #hich

SI unitSI unit

!ascal

2!a3!ascal 2!a3

SI unitSI unit

!ascal

2!a3!ascal 2!a3

State of /atterState of /atterState of /atterState of /atter

DensityDensityDensityDensity

SolidSolidSolidSolid "iquid"iquid"iquid"iquid +as+as+as+as


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Basic Structure of /atterBasic Structure of /atter

MatterMatter is made up of small discrete particle

As these particles are too tiny to be seen with the naked eye, we use

an electron microscope to view them.

There are three states of matter

a! solidsolidb! liquidliquid

c! gasgas

"ood is an e#ample of solid, oil is an e#ample of li$uid and o#y%en is an

e#ample of %as

ST%TES O, /%TTE*ST%TES O, /%TTE*

&'()* +A&()-)*


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!*O!E*TIES O, SO"ID!*O!E*TIES O, SO"ID

A solid has a fi#ed volume and a fi#ed shape.

)t cannot be compressed.

The particles in solid are closely packed in an orderly arran%ement.

The particle in solid only vibrate and rotate in their fi#ed positions.

They do not move freely and also cannot flow.

&'()*


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!*O!E*TIES O, "I.(ID!*O!E*TIES O, "I.(ID

A li$uid has a fi#ed volume but not fi#ed shape.0or e#ample, water takes the shape of the container that holds it.

)t cannot be compressed.

The particle in melt 1li$uid! lose the orderly arran%ement and have

moved further apart from one another.

The particle in li$uid can move freely and randomly.

These particles also collide with one another.

(i$uid can flow because the particles can slide over one another.

()-)*


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A %as does not have fi#ed shape and fi#ed volume.)t has the same shape and volume as the container that it fills.

)t can be compressed.

The distance between particles is the lar%est in %ases. "hen a %as

is compressed, this distance becomes smaller.

The particles in %as move freely and randomly at hi%h speeds.

They collide with one another fre$uently.

A %as can flow because the particle can move freely.

!*O!E*TIES O, +%SES!*O!E*TIES O, +%SES

+A&


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S(//E*I4ES(//E*I4E!hysical

!ropertiesSolid "iquid +ases

Shape 0i#ed shape o fi#ed shape o fi#ed shape

Volume 0i#ed volume 0i#ed volume o 0i#ed volume

Compressi'le ot easily

compressible

ot easily

compressible

5ompressible

%rrangement (ittle free spacebetween particles

(ittle free spacebetween particles

(ots of free spacebetween particles

,lo# *oes not floweasily

ri%id

0lows easily 0lows easily

/oement 6ibrates or rotates 7ovin% randomlyand freely in alldirections.

5onstantly collidin%with one another

7ovin% randomyand freely at hi%hspeed in alldirections.

5onstantly collidin%

with one another.


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T5E CO)CE!T O, DE)SIT6T5E CO)CE!T O, DE)SIT6

The density of a substance is the mass of the substanceper unit of its volume.

The SI unit for density is kg m-3.

It is scalar quantity

It divided by two category :

1.1. Density of substanceDensity of substance2.2. Specific densitySpecific density

Density tells us how heavy or light a substance actually is.

It is independent of the size of the sample.

mass 2 7g 3olume 2 m8 3

Density 0

m

0

k% 9 m3


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E9E*CISE :E9E*CISE :

:! 2 cm3of copper is used to make an ob


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Pascals PrinciplePascals Principlestates that pressure applied to an enclosed

fluid is transmitted uniformlytransmitted uniformlyto every part of the fluidevery part of the fluidand to the walls of the container.

7athematically, Pascals principlePascals principlecan be written in the form of the

followin% e$uation.

)n a hydraulic system, @ascals principle not only allows us to transmitforce from one place to another, but also to multiply that force. The forceforce

multipliermultiplierof a hydraulic system can be represented by the e$uation

Output force

Input force

Output piston force

Input piston force00

!%SC%"$S !*I)CI!"E!%SC%"$S !*I)CI!"E

,orce 2 ) 3

%rea 2 m; 3!ressure 0

,

% !

0

9 m2


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0ormulae

,orce- ,:

%rea- %:

,orce- ,;

%rea- %;

!ressure- !

!%SC%"$S !*I)CI!"E!%SC%"$S !*I)CI!"E

00::B )nput forceB )nput force

AA::B 5ross=sectional of the input cylinderB 5ross=sectional of the input cylinder

0022B 'utput forceB 'utput force

AA22B 5ross=sectional of the output cylinderB 5ross=sectional of the output cylinder

,:

%:

,;

%;

00

0i%ure A0i%ure A


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1amples:

23ydraulic 4ac#

23ydraulic 5ift

23ydraulic bra#es

!%SC%"$S !*I)CI!"E!%SC%"$S !*I)CI!"E
http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dhydraulic%2Bjack%26fr%3Dyfp-t-482%26toggle%3D1%26cop%3Dmss%26ei%3DUTF-8%26vc%3D%26fp_ip%3DMY&w=122&h=150&imgurl=www.nulime.com%2Fimg%2Fp68026%2Fl%2FOTC-Stinger-10-Ton-Air-Hydraulic-Service-Jack.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nulime.com%2Fp68026%2Fcat62%2FHome-Garden%2FOTC-Stinger-10-Ton-Air-Hydraulic-Service-Jack.html&size=2.3kB&name=OTC-Stinger-10-Ton-Air-Hydraulic-Service-Jack.jpg&p=hydraulic+jack&type=jpeg&no=3&tt=10,001&oid=d3744d2431c3cafc&ei=UTF-8http://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images/view?back=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.search.yahoo.com%2Fsearch%2Fimages%3Fp%3Dhydraulic%2Bjack%26fr%3Dyfp-t-482%26toggle%3D1%26cop%3Dmss%26ei%3DUTF-8%26vc%3D%26fp_ip%3DMY&w=460&h=310&imgurl=www.sz-wholesale.com%2FuploadFiles%2FHydraulic%2520%2520jack_712.jpg&rurl=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sz-wholesale.com%2Fpromotional-products%2F17184-Hydraulic%2520jack.html&size=23.1kB&name=Hydraulic++jack_712.jpg&p=hydraulic+jack&type=jpeg&no=17&tt=10,001&oid=e0abc7fbd565c800&ei=UTF-8


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E9E*CISE 8E9E*CISE 8

3. The cylindrical piston of a hydraulic

,orce- ,;0

A=== )

,orce- ,:0

%rea- %:

0 =@==A m;%rea- %;

0 =@=: m;

!ressure- !


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%*C5I/EDES$ !*I)CI!"E%*C5I/EDES$ !*I)CI!"E

Archimedes principleArchimedes principlestate that an ob


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5onsider an ob


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E9E*CISE ?E9E*CISE ?

:. A stone wei%ht 2. . "hen it is fully submer%ed in a solution,its apparent wei%ht is 2.2 . 5alculate the density of the solution

if its volume displaced by the stone is 2 cm3. F %B8. k%=: G

2. A piece of lo% wei%hin% 4; k% floats on a freshwater lake. "hat

is the volume of the lake water displaced if its density is :;;

k%m=3>3. The material used for buildin% a hot air balloon has mass of ;

k%. The balloon is filled with hot air of density :.; k%m =3until its

:;;;m3. 5alculate

a! the total wei%ht of the balloon with hot air in it.

b! the upward buoyant force actin% on the balloon if the densityof the air is :.3 k%m=3.

c! ma#imum load the balloon can carry so that it still can rise

upwards. F % B 8. k%=:G


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Chapter 5 - Solid & Fluid

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Transcript of Chapter 5 - Solid & Fluid