Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and...
-
Upload
barbra-spencer -
Category
Documents
-
view
235 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and...
![Page 1: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 4: Consciousness
![Page 2: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Learning Outcomes
• Define consciousness.
• Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.
![Page 3: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Learning Outcomes
• Explain the natures and uses of hypnosis, meditation, and biofeedback in altering consciousness.
• Define substance abuse and dependence, identify categories of psychoactive drugs and explain their allures and dangers.
![Page 4: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
What is Consciousness?
![Page 5: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Consciousness
• Sensory Awareness• Selective Attention– Cocktail Party Effect
• Direct Inner Awareness
![Page 6: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Preconscious, Unconscious, Nonconscious
• Preconscious– Not currently in awareness, but readily available
![Page 7: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Preconscious, Unconscious, Nonconscious
• Unconscious– Unavailable to awareness under most
circumstances– Repression– Suppression
![Page 8: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Preconscious, Unconscious, Nonconscious
• Nonconscious– Bodily processes that can not be experienced
through sensory awareness
![Page 9: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Altered States of Consciousness
• Sleep• Meditation• Hypnotic trance• Distorted perceptions from mind-altering
drugs
![Page 10: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Sleep and Dreams
![Page 11: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Biological and Circadian Rhythms
• Circadian rhythm is a cycle that is connected with the 24-hour period of Earth’s rotation– Cycle of wakefulness and sleep
![Page 12: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
The Stages of Sleep
• Using EEG records, sleep stages are recorded by different brain waves
• Nonrapid eye movement (NREM) sleep– First four stages of sleep– Stage 1 is lightest; Stage 4 is deepest
• Rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep
![Page 13: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The Stages of Sleep
![Page 14: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
The Stages of Sleep
• Stage 1– Slow down from alpha waves to theta waves– Hypnagogic state may be experienced
• Stage 2– Appearance of sleep spindles
• Stages 3 and 4– Delta waves– Stage 4 is deepest stage of sleep
![Page 15: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
The Stages of Sleep
• REM sleep– Rapid eye movements– Paradoxical sleep– When awakened in REM sleep, 80% report
dreams
![Page 16: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Typical Night of Sleep
• Tend to undergo 5 cycles through the stages of sleep
• First time in stage 4 sleep is usually the longest
• Sleep becomes lighter as the night wears on• REM sleep becomes longer as night wears on– Last REM period may be about 30 minutes
![Page 17: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Sleep Cycles
![Page 18: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Functions of Sleep
• Rejuvenates the body• Helps us recover from stress• Helps us consolidate learning• May promote development of infants’ brains
![Page 19: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Amount of Sleep
• Amount of sleep needed may be partly genetically determined
• Additional sleep is needed when you are under stress
• As you age, you require less sleep
![Page 20: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Sleep, Learning and Memory
• Individuals deprived of REM sleep– Learn more slowly– Forget what they have learned quicker– Show REM rebound
![Page 21: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Dreams
• Imagery in the absence of external stimulation• Most vivid during REM sleep• May dream in color or black and white• Pleasant dream or nightmare
![Page 22: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Why Do We Dream What We Dream?
• Memories of the day • Traumatic events – Nightmares• Reflections of unconscious desires – Freud
![Page 23: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• We act out our forbidden fantasies in our dreams.
![Page 24: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• We act out our forbidden fantasies in our dreams.
• FICTION!
![Page 25: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming
• Acetylcholine and the pons stimulate responses that lead to dreaming– Reticular formation stimulates parts of the cortex
involved in memory– Cortex then synthesizes sources of stimulation
into dreams
• Most likely dream of recent events
![Page 26: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Insomnia can be caused by trying too hard to fall asleep.
![Page 27: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Insomnia can be caused by trying too hard to fall asleep.
• TRUE!
![Page 28: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Sleep Disorders
• Insomnia• Narcolepsy– Sleep paralysis
• Sleep apnea
![Page 29: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Deep Sleep Disorders
• Occur in stage 3 or 4 sleep• More common in children– Sleep Terrors– Bed-Wetting– Sleepwalking (Somnambulism)
![Page 30: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker.
![Page 31: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• It is dangerous to awaken a sleepwalker.
• FICTION!
![Page 32: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Altering Consciousness Through Hypnosis, Meditation, and Biofeedback
![Page 33: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Hypnosis
• Altered state of consciousness in which people are suggestible and behave as though in a trance
• Used in medical procedures, as an aid in coping
• Hypnotic trance• Hypnotic suggestibility– People who are easily hypnotized
![Page 34: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• You can be hypnotized against your will.
![Page 35: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• You can be hypnotized against your will.
• FICTION!
![Page 36: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Explaining Hypnosis
• Role Theory• Response Set Theory
![Page 37: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Meditation
• Focusing consciousness to alter relationship between the self and the environment
• Transcendental Meditation (TM)– Concentrate on mantras– Relaxation response
• Mindfulness Meditation (MM)– Focus on present versus ruminate on problems
![Page 38: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• You can teach a rat to raise or lower its heart rate.
![Page 39: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• You can teach a rat to raise or lower its heart rate.
• TRUE!
![Page 40: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Biofeedback
• A system that provides information about a bodily function in order to gain some control over it
• Biofeedback training (BFT)– helps combat stress, tension
and anxiety• Electromyograph (EMG)– Monitors muscle tension
![Page 41: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Altering ConsciousnessThrough Drugs
![Page 42: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Psychoactive Substances
• Drugs that distort perceptions and change moods
![Page 43: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Substance Abuse and Dependence
• Substance abuse is repeated use of a substance despite impaired functioning
• Substance dependence is characterized by loss of control over use of the substance– Organize life around getting and using
a substance– Tolerance– Abstinence syndrome
![Page 44: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Causes of Substance Abuse and Dependence
• Experimentation• Recommendation or observation of others• Reinforcement by peers or positive effects• Self medication• Genetic predisposition toward physiological
dependence
![Page 45: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Alcohol
• Most abused drug– 10 to 20 million Americans are alcoholics– Half of all Americans use alcohol regularly– About 4 college students die each day from
alcohol-related causes– Binge drinking
![Page 46: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Alcohol
• Depressant– Slows activity of central nervous system
• Effects– Lowers inhibitions– Impairs cognitive functioning and coordination
![Page 47: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Alcohol
• Men more likely to become alcoholic than women– Alcohol has stronger effect on women
• Asian and Asian American less likely than Europeans and European Americans to drink to excess– Asians more likely to show flushing response
• Can lead to physiological dependence
![Page 48: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Opiates
• Group of narcotics derived from the opium poppy
• Laboratory produced opioids– Morphine, heroin, codeine, Demerol
• Major application is pain relief• Provides a strong euphoric “rush” • Can lead to dependence
![Page 49: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Heroin was once used as a cure for addiction for morphine.
![Page 50: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Heroin was once used as a cure for addiction for morphine.
• TRUE!
![Page 51: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/51.jpg)
Barbiturates
• Depressants with medical uses– Relaxation, pain management, treatment of
epilepsy, high blood pressure and insomnia
• Rapidly lead to dependence• Dangerous to mix barbiturates and alcohol
![Page 52: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/52.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Many health professionals calm down hyperactive children by giving them a stimulant.
![Page 53: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/53.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Many health professionals calm down hyperactive children by giving them a stimulant.
• TRUE!
![Page 54: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/54.jpg)
Amphetamines
• Stimulant• Can produce euphoric feeling– May cause a “crash” upon withdrawal
• Tolerance develops quickly and users may become dependent
• Ritalin – Common treatment for hyperactive children
![Page 55: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/55.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Coca-Cola once “added life” to its signature drink through the use of a powerful – but now illegal – stimulant.
![Page 56: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/56.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• Coca-Cola once “added life” to its signature drink through the use of a powerful – but now illegal – stimulant.
• TRUE!
![Page 57: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/57.jpg)
Cocaine
• Stimulant that produces euphoric feelings• Physical dangers– Sudden rises in blood pressure, decreased oxygen
supply to the heart, quickened heart rate
• Overdose– Can cause restlessness and insomnia, tremors,
headaches, nausea, convulsions, hallucinations, delusions, cardiorespiratory collapse
![Page 58: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/58.jpg)
How Cocaine Produces Euphoria and Why People “Crash”
![Page 59: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/59.jpg)
Nicotine
• Addictive stimulant in tobacco smoke– Creates physiological
dependence on tobacco
• Enhances memory and attention
• Relaxing effect• Depresses appetite
and raises metabolic rate
![Page 60: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/60.jpg)
Gender, Level of Education, and Smoking
![Page 61: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/61.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• The number of people who die from smoking-related causes is greater than the number lost to motor vehicle accidents, abuse of alcohol and all other drugs, suicide, homicide, and AIDS combined.
![Page 62: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/62.jpg)
Truth or Fiction?
• The number of people who die from smoking-related causes is greater than the number lost to motor vehicle accidents, abuse of alcohol and all other drugs, suicide, homicide, and AIDS combined.
• TRUE!
![Page 63: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/63.jpg)
Nicotine
• Cigarette smoke also contains– Hydrocarbons (tars)– Carbon monoxide
• Secondhand smoke
![Page 64: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/64.jpg)
Marijuana
• Hallucinogen; active ingredient THC– Hashish is derived from resin – more potent
• May produce relaxation, mood elevation, sharpened perceptions, self-insight, creative thinking, empathy for others
• Time perception may be altered• Disorientation may be pleasant or disorienting
![Page 65: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/65.jpg)
Marijuana
• Impairs perceptual-motor coordination• Impairs short-term memory and slows
learning• May experience tolerance and withdrawal
symptoms
![Page 66: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/66.jpg)
LSD
• Synthetic hallucinogen• Produces vivid, colorful hallucinations• Flashbacks– Occur days, weeks, or longer after usage;
distorted perceptions that mimic LSD trip
• Other hallucinogens – Mescaline– PCP
![Page 67: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/67.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects
![Page 68: Chapter 4: Consciousness. Learning Outcomes Define consciousness. Explain the nature of sleep and various sleep disorders.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081420/5697c00e1a28abf838cc9c7c/html5/thumbnails/68.jpg)
Psychoactive Drugs and Their Effects