Chapter 33, Section 4

“The Cold War Divides

the World”

I. Fighting for the Third World A. Cold War Strategies

1. U.S., Soviet Union, & China all used techniques to

gain influence in the Third World a. backed wars of revolution,

liberation, or counterrevolution b. CIA & KGB used secret activities

(ex. spying) c. the U.S. gave military & financial

aid

B. Association of Nonaligned Nations 1. some nations wished to stay neutral in

the Cold War 2. 1955 – Bandung Conference formed …

a. nonaligned nations (independent countries)

3. India and Indonesia were able to maintain neutrality

II. Confrontations in Latin America A. Fidel Castro and the Cuban Revolution

1. Fulgencio Batista a. unpopular dictator; had U.S. support

2. Fidel Castro a. led revolution to overthrow Batista, 1959 b. brought social reforms & improved

economy c. harsh dictator

1. stopped elections, jailed/executed opponents, controlled press

d. Nationalized Cuban economy & took over U.S. – owned sugar mills & refineries

1. President Eisenhower ordered an embargo on all trade with Cuba

a. Castro turned to Soviets for help

Fidel Castro

3. The Bay of Pigs a. CIA trained anti-Castro Cuban

exiles b. April 1961 – they invaded Cuba,

landing at the Bay of Pigs c. U.S. did not provide air support d. embarrassment for the U.S.

B. Nuclear Face-Off: the Cuban Missile Crisis 1. Nikita Khrushchev – leader of the Soviet

Union a. built 42 missile sites in Cuba in July

1962 b. discovered by U.S. spy planes in Oct.

1962 c. seen as a threat, and President

Kennedy demanded their removal, &

blockaded Cuba d. Khrushchev removed missiles; U.S.

promised not to invade Cuba

2. Cuba now dependent on Soviet Union a. Castro backed revolutions in Latin

America & Africa in return for Soviet aidb. Soviet aid ended in 1991, hurt

Cuba’s economy c. Castro loosened state control of

economy & sought better relations with other

nations

President Kennedy meets with Khrushchev

III. Confrontations in the Middle East A. Religious and Secular Values Clash in Iran

1. Iran (Persia before 1935) a. Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi

1. embraced Western gov’ts & wealthy

Western oil companies b. Prime Minister Muhammad Mossadeq

1. leader of Iranian nationalists who

disliked the shah 2. nationalized a British-owned

oil co., & forced the shah to flee

c. U.S. helped restore the shah to power

Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi

B. The United States Supports Secular Rule 1. Iran’s capital, Tehran, featured skyscrapers,

foreign banks, & modern factories 2. many Iranians still lived in poverty 3. the shah tried to weaken influence of Iran’s conservative Muslim leaders, known as

ayatollahs 4. Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini used tape-

recorded messages to riot Iran’s major cities in 1979

a. returned to establish an Islamic state

Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini

C. Khomeini’s Anti-U.S. Policies 1. strict adherence to Islam 2. in 1979, with Khomeini’s permission, young

Islamic revolutionaries seized the U.S. embassy in

Tehran a. took +60 Americans hostage b. demanded the U.S. to force the shah

to face trial c. Most hostages remained prisoners

for 444 days; released in 1981

3. Khomeini encouraged Muslim radicals to overthrow

their secular gov’ts a. heightened tensions between Iran &

Iraq 1. Saddam Hussein ruled Iraq as

a secular leader 2. Iran & Iraq fought from 1980 –

1988 3. U.S. supported both nations

American hostages

D. The Superpowers Face Off in Afghanistan 1. Soviet Union invaded in 1979, supporting

Communist 2. U.S. supplied Afghan rebels with weapons

b/c they considered the Soviet invasion a threat to

oil supplies 3. President Carter warned Soviets not to gain

control of the Persian Gulf

a. he stopped U.S. grain shipments to Soviets

b. ordered a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Moscow

Olympics 4. Mikhail Gorbachev – new Soviet president

a. withdrew Soviet troops by 1989 b. by then, the Soviet Union was falling

apart

Mikhail Gorbachev

President Jimmy Carter

Daily Essential Questions

1.How was the Cuban Missile Crisis resolved?

2.Why did the Soviet Union invade Afghanistan?