Chapter 3 Ecosystem EcologyChapter 3 Ecosystem Ecology

•Read the chapterRead the chapter• Part 1 down to biogeochemcial cyclesPart 1 down to biogeochemcial cycles• Part 2 the rest of the chapterPart 2 the rest of the chapter

•Case Study – Haiti – Part 1Case Study – Haiti – Part 1•Case Study – Hubbard Brook – Part 2Case Study – Hubbard Brook – Part 2•Do the Math – MangoesDo the Math – Mangoes•Do the Math – Ecosystem EfficiencyDo the Math – Ecosystem Efficiency•Download the biogeochemical cycles 1 slide Download the biogeochemical cycles 1 slide to a page for part 2.to a page for part 2.Case study and Do the Math should be done on Case study and Do the Math should be done on separate sheets since they are filed in separate areas separate sheets since they are filed in separate areas in your binder.in your binder.• Show all your work in the Do the Math.Show all your work in the Do the Math.

Case Study Case Study Reversing the Deforestation of HaitiReversing the Deforestation of Haiti

 

 1. Which Haiti resource has been

degraded? Why2. What did the U.S. Agency for

International Development do to help Haiti

3. What were the results of the International Development plan?

4. What solution seems to be working in Haiti now?

Find Haiti on your map and label.Find Haiti on your map and label.

Do The Math – Raising MangoesDo The Math – Raising Mangoes A group of Haitian farmers decides to plant mango trees. A group of Haitian farmers decides to plant mango trees.

Mango saplings cost $10 each. At maturity, each tree will Mango saplings cost $10 each. At maturity, each tree will produce $75 worth of fruit each year. A village of 225 produce $75 worth of fruit each year. A village of 225 people decides to pool its resources and set up a plantation. people decides to pool its resources and set up a plantation. The goal is to generate a per capita income of $300 per year The goal is to generate a per capita income of $300 per year for the entire village.for the entire village.

1.1. How many trees will the village need to meet the goal?How many trees will the village need to meet the goal?

2.2. Each tree requires 25mEach tree requires 25m22 of space. How many hectares must of space. How many hectares must the village set aside for the plantation? (1ha = 10,000mthe village set aside for the plantation? (1ha = 10,000m22))

3.3. Each tree requires 20L of water per day during the 6 hot Each tree requires 20L of water per day during the 6 hot months (180 days). The water must be pumped from a months (180 days). The water must be pumped from a nearby stream. How many liters of water are needed each nearby stream. How many liters of water are needed each year to water the plantation of trees?year to water the plantation of trees?

ECOSYSTEMSECOSYSTEMS

Ecosystem definition:Ecosystem definition:

Organisms living there are determined by:Organisms living there are determined by:

Desert EcosystemsDesert Ecosystems

What can you determine from an analysis of What can you determine from an analysis of this map?this map?

Ecosystem BoundariesEcosystem Boundaries Boundaries are provided by the biotic and abiotic Boundaries are provided by the biotic and abiotic

components of the ecosystem.components of the ecosystem.

Why would an ecosystem Why would an ecosystem be hard to define?be hard to define?Which ecosystems would Which ecosystems would be easier to define?be easier to define?

Subjective boundariesSubjective boundaries

Energy FlowEnergy Flow

Living organisms are temporary storage units Living organisms are temporary storage units for useful energy. What type?for useful energy. What type?

One organism can be used by another as a One organism can be used by another as a source of energy.source of energy. Levels – Levels – Transfer of energy – 2Transfer of energy – 2ndnd law of law of

thermodynamics?thermodynamics? Energy cannot recycle; therefore:Energy cannot recycle; therefore:

Autotrophs and EnergyAutotrophs and Energy• AutotrophsAutotrophs

DefinitionDefinition ExamplesExamples

• What % of energy goes What % of energy goes to the plant? to the plant?

• What is this energy What is this energy called?called?

• What % is left and what What % is left and what happens to it.happens to it.

• What happens to the What happens to the GPP?GPP?

PhotosynthesisPhotosynthesis

Energy from?Energy from? Occurs in?Occurs in? Requires?Requires? Produces?Produces? Formula?Formula? Why does it requireWhy does it require 6H6H220 and 6CO0 and 6CO22

Getting Energy for SurvivalGetting Energy for Survival Cellular RespirationCellular Respiration

• DefinitionDefinition

• Comparison to Comparison to photosynthesis:photosynthesis:

• Used by:Used by:

• Energy produced is Energy produced is called:called:

Comparison Comparison

Photosynthesis Cellular Respiration

1. Occurs in

2. Energy from

3. Reactants

4. Products

5. Formula

Consumers/HeterotrophsConsumers/Heterotrophs Get their food by eating or breaking down all or Get their food by eating or breaking down all or

parts of other organisms or their remains.parts of other organisms or their remains. HerbivoresHerbivores CarnivoresCarnivores OmnivoresOmnivores ScavengersScavengers DecomposersDecomposers

Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow Two Secrets of Survival: Energy Flow and Matter Recycleand Matter Recycle

Survival depends on: Survival depends on:

1.1.Flow of energy Flow of energy

2.2.Flow of matter Flow of matter (biomass) through the (biomass) through the body. body.

•Biomass:Biomass:

Figure 3-14Figure 3-14

ENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMSENERGY FLOW IN ECOSYSTEMS

Tropic Levels: levels in the feeding structure Tropic Levels: levels in the feeding structure of organisms.of organisms.

Food Chains and Food WebsFood Chains and Food Webs

Food Chain:Food Chain:

Food web:Food web:

Which is a Which is a more realistic more realistic model? Why?model? Why?

SNAKE

BIRD FROG

INSECT

PLANT

1. How many food chains are in this food web?

2. Which organism is a herbivore?

3. Which organism is an autotroph?

4. Which organism is a 3rd order heterotroph?

5. Which tropic level does the organism of #4 belong to?

6. Which organisms belong to more than one food chain?

7. Which organism is an omnivore?

8. Which organism belongs to more that 1 tropic level?

1. Producer(s)?2. 1st Tropic level3. 2nd Tropic level4. 3rd Tropic level5. 4th Tropic level6. Herbivore(s)?7. Onmivore(s)?8. Identify all the

organisms in one food chain.

Tropic LevelsTropic LevelsSignificance of a pyramid?Significance of a pyramid?

• Amount of biomass.Amount of biomass.• Number of organisms.Number of organisms.• Amount of energy Amount of energy

available.available.

Number of tropic Number of tropic levels? Why?levels? Why?

Tropic LevelsTropic Levels

2nd Law of Thermodynamics – what happens to the energy lost with each transfer?

Ecological EfficiencyEcological Efficiency

DefinitionDefinition

Tropic levelsTropic levels Plants/producers 100%Plants/producers 100% Primary consumers:Primary consumers: Secondary consumers:Secondary consumers: Tertiary consumers:Tertiary consumers:

Do The MathDo The Math

Start with the first trophic level grass at 100,000 kcal. Start with the first trophic level grass at 100,000 kcal.

1.1. How much energy moves to the second trophic How much energy moves to the second trophic level – primary consumers – rabbits at 12% level – primary consumers – rabbits at 12% ecological efficiencyecological efficiency

2.2. Calculate the energy going to the fox at 14% Calculate the energy going to the fox at 14% ecological energy.ecological energy.

3.3. Calculate the energy going to hawk at 8%Calculate the energy going to hawk at 8%

Grass100,000 kcal

Rabbits

Fox

Hawk

Ecosystem ProductivityEcosystem Productivity

The amount of energy available in an The amount of energy available in an ecosystem determines how much life the ecosystem determines how much life the ecosystem can support.ecosystem can support.

GPP – Gross primary productivityGPP – Gross primary productivity

NPP – Net primary productivityNPP – Net primary productivity

NPP = GPP – respiration by producersNPP = GPP – respiration by producers

GPP and NPPGPP and NPP

Converting sunlight Converting sunlight into chemical energy into chemical energy

is is NOTNOT an efficient an efficient process.process.

GPP = __ %GPP = __ % NPP = __ % of __%NPP = __ % of __%

NPP of EcosystemsNPP of Ecosystems

Most productive Most productive ecosystems?ecosystems? ContinentalContinental MarineMarine

Why?Why?

Least productive Least productive ecosystems?ecosystems? ContinentalContinental MarineMarine

Why?Why?

Biodiversity Loss and Species Biodiversity Loss and Species Extinction: Remember HIPPCOExtinction: Remember HIPPCO

HH for for I I forfor PP for for PP for for C forC for OO for for

Energy TransferEnergy Transfer

Biomass:Biomass:

Standing crop:Standing crop:

Productivity:Productivity:

Slow growing forest – describe biomass and Slow growing forest – describe biomass and

productivityproductivity Algae – describe biomass and productivityAlgae – describe biomass and productivity

Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy Flow in an Ecosystem: Losing Energy in Food Chains and WebsEnergy in Food Chains and Webs

Each tropic level Each tropic level contains a certain contains a certain amount of biomass.amount of biomass.

At each tropic level the At each tropic level the biomass?biomass?

Each tropic level Each tropic level contains a certain contains a certain number of organisms.number of organisms.

At each topic level At each topic level amount of energy?amount of energy?

Chapter 3 Part 2Chapter 3 Part 2

• BioGeoChemical Cycles• Disturbances• Case Study – Hubbard Brook• STNT 40

BioGeoChemical CyclesBioGeoChemical Cycles

The movement of matter within and between The movement of matter within and between ecosystems.ecosystems. BioBio

GeoGeo

ChemicalChemical• H2O, C, N, P, SH2O, C, N, P, S

Facts About WaterFacts About Water

Essential for life.Essential for life. Allows for substances to move within an Allows for substances to move within an

organism. Draws nutrients into plants.organism. Draws nutrients into plants. Dissolves and removes waste from Dissolves and removes waste from

organisms.organisms. Necessary for chemical reactions.Necessary for chemical reactions.

1. Evaporation2. Transpiration3. Condensation

4. Precipitation5. Runoff6. Percolation7. Leaching8. Assimilation

Hydrologic Cycle

Define each process. Use arrows to trace cycle.

H20

Human Impacts on Water Human Impacts on Water CycleCycle

The earth is a closed system for matter. The earth is a closed system for matter. Water never leaves the earth.Water never leaves the earth.

DeforestationDeforestation

Paving over land – roads, buildingsPaving over land – roads, buildings

Diverting waterDiverting water

Cycles of C, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, SCycles of C, N, P, K, Mg, Ca, S

Involves Involves Producers Producers

• Obtain these elements from the atmosphere or as ions Obtain these elements from the atmosphere or as ions dissolved in water.dissolved in water.

ConsumersConsumers • Obtain these elements from eating producers.Obtain these elements from eating producers.

DecomposersDecomposers• Absorb theses elemnts from dead producers and Absorb theses elemnts from dead producers and

consumers and the waste of living producers and consumers and the waste of living producers and consumers.consumers.

Facts About CarbonFacts About Carbon

Most important element in living organisms.Most important element in living organisms. Forms cell membranes and cell walls Forms cell membranes and cell walls

(plants).(plants). Forms proteins and stores energy for later Forms proteins and stores energy for later

use.use. Fast carbon cycleFast carbon cycle

Movement of carbon through an organismMovement of carbon through an organism Slow carbon cycleSlow carbon cycle

Movement of carbon through soil and rocks Movement of carbon through soil and rocks forming fossil fuelsforming fossil fuels

Carbon Cycle1. Photosynthesis 5. Burial2. Respiration 6. Extraction3. Exchange 7. Combustion4. Sedimentation 8.

Decomposition

Define each process and draw arrows to trace the cycle.

CO2

Human Impact on Carbon Human Impact on Carbon CycleCycle

Combustion of fossil fuels Combustion of fossil fuels

Forest degradationForest degradation

Facts about NitrogenFacts about Nitrogen Needed in fairly large amounts in all organisms. Needed in fairly large amounts in all organisms. Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in plants. Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in plants. Most abundant element in the atmosphere – 78%.Most abundant element in the atmosphere – 78%. Used to form amino acids, building blocks of proteins, Used to form amino acids, building blocks of proteins,

DNA and RNA.DNA and RNA. Neither plants or animals can use atmospheric nitrogen.Neither plants or animals can use atmospheric nitrogen. Only a few organisms can convert nitrogen into a plant Only a few organisms can convert nitrogen into a plant

usable form.usable form. Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) Bacteria that live in roots of certain plants (legumes)Bacteria that live in roots of certain plants (legumes)

Animals get nitrogen from eating plants.Animals get nitrogen from eating plants.

Nitrogen CycleN2

Decomposers

Bacteria

Bacteria

Bacteria

1. Nitrogen Fixation2. Assimilation3. Ammonification

4. Nitrification5. Leaching6. Denitrification

Define each process and use arrows to show the cycle.

Human Impact on Nitrogen CycleHuman Impact on Nitrogen Cycle

Problem is excess nitrogen – alters the Problem is excess nitrogen – alters the abundance and distribution of species in a abundance and distribution of species in a ecosystem.ecosystem. Fertilizers run-offFertilizers run-off Livestock wasteLivestock waste Sewage (human) wasteSewage (human) waste

China’s Algae BloomChina’s Algae Bloom

Not generally poisonous to people but clogs waterways and kills marine life due to dead zones.

Facts about PhosphorusFacts about Phosphorus

Component of DNA, RNA and ATP.Component of DNA, RNA and ATP. Required by plants and animals.Required by plants and animals. Limiting factor for plants next to nitrogen.Limiting factor for plants next to nitrogen. No Gas component in the atmosphere.No Gas component in the atmosphere. Not very soluble in water – precipitates out Not very soluble in water – precipitates out

into the sediments on the ocean floor.into the sediments on the ocean floor. Mined for use in fertilizers.Mined for use in fertilizers. Natural source of phosphorus on land is from Natural source of phosphorus on land is from

weathering rocks.weathering rocks.

1. Weathering2. Phosphate mining/fertilizer3. Decomposition4. Excretions5. Marine sediments6. Geologic forces7. Assimilation8. Leaching

Phosphorus Cycle

Define each process. Use arrows to show the cycle.

Human Impact on Phosphorus CycleHuman Impact on Phosphorus Cycle Excess - 2 Major sourcesExcess - 2 Major sources

Agriculture – Fertilizer runoffAgriculture – Fertilizer runoff HouseholdsHouseholds

• Phosphate in laundry Phosphate in laundry detergents – banned in 1994detergents – banned in 1994

• Phosphate in dishwasher Phosphate in dishwasher detergents – banned in 2010detergents – banned in 2010

Algae bloomAlgae bloom

Facts about SulfurFacts about Sulfur

Component of proteins.Component of proteins. Most is located in rocks- released in weathering.Most is located in rocks- released in weathering. In the atmosphere as a gas – SOIn the atmosphere as a gas – SO22..

Natural source – volcanoesNatural source – volcanoes Anthropogenic sourceAnthropogenic source

Burning of fossil fuelsBurning of fossil fuels Mining of metals such as copperMining of metals such as copper

Acid precipitationAcid precipitation SOSO22 + H + H22O O H H22SOSO44 (sulfuric acid) (sulfuric acid)

1. Weathering2. Volcanic eruptions3. Mining of metals4. Fossil fuel combustion5. Acid rain/Precipitation6. Burial7. Extraction8. Assimilation

Sulfur Cycle SO2

Define each process.Use arrows to show the cycle.

Disturbances in EcosystemsDisturbances in Ecosystems

Disturbance - any event caused by physical, Disturbance - any event caused by physical, chemical or biological agent that changes chemical or biological agent that changes population size.population size.

Natural disturbancesNatural disturbances

Anthropogenic disturbancesAnthropogenic disturbances

Ecological Study of DisturbancesEcological Study of Disturbances First, you must understand the natural pattern of First, you must understand the natural pattern of

biogeochemical cycling in an ecosystem to biogeochemical cycling in an ecosystem to determine how the disturbance has changed the determine how the disturbance has changed the ecosystem.ecosystem.

Beaver dam across a streamBeaver dam across a stream

List possible effects.List possible effects.

Small Scale StudySmall Scale Study

WatershedWatershed All the land in a All the land in a

given area that given area that drains into a drains into a particular stream, particular stream, river, lake or river, lake or wetland.wetland.

Hubbard BrookHubbard Brook

1.1. What characteristic of What characteristic of this watershed helps this watershed helps in measurement of in measurement of the water cycle?the water cycle?

2.2. Two disturbances Two disturbances scientists measuredscientists measured

3.3. What was the control?What was the control?

4.4. What was the result?What was the result?

Resistance versus ResilienceResistance versus Resilience

Resistance - Resistance - High resistance – High resistance –

Resilience -Resilience - High resilience –High resilience –

Depends on interactions of all cycles.Depends on interactions of all cycles.

Intermediate Disturbance HypothesisIntermediate Disturbance Hypothesis

Not all disturbance is Not all disturbance is bad. bad.

What does this graph What does this graph say about the say about the relationship of number relationship of number of species to levels of of species to levels of disturbance?disturbance?

Ecosystem ServicesEcosystem Services

Intrinsic valueIntrinsic value Value not related to human benefit.Value not related to human benefit. Due to religious or philosophical convictions.Due to religious or philosophical convictions. Our moral obligation to protect.Our moral obligation to protect.

Instrumental ValueInstrumental Value

Ecosystem services Ecosystem services Provisions Provisions

Regulating services Regulating services

Support systems Support systems

Resilience Resilience