Chapter 3 3.pdfChapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech. 2 ... Respiratory Physiology ... Tonsils...
Transcript of Chapter 3 3.pdfChapter 3 Anatomy and Physiology of Speech. 2 ... Respiratory Physiology ... Tonsils...
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Respiratory System
1. Nasal cavity2. Oral cavity3. Pharynx4. Larynx5. Trachea
16-20 incomplete rings6. Lungs
Bronchialveoli
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Alveoli
www4.tpgi.com.au/.../body/respiratory.htmlwww.doctorslisted.com/images/
300 million minute pits per lung70 square meters (size of tennis court)Exchange between blood and oxygen-rich air in lungs
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Diaphragm
Primary muscleof respiration
whyfiles.org/204endurance_training/2.html
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Expiration &Inspiration
•not talking–12 times per minute–2.5 second phase (both)
•talking–2 to 3 second inspiration–up to15 second expiration
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Respiratory Physiology
• 500 to 750 cubic centimeters per cycle (tidalair/volume)
• 3500 to 5000 cubic centimeters (vital capacity)– spirometer– 1000 less for adult females over adult males)
• 1000 to 1500 cubic centimeters (residualcapacity)
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Phonation
Hyoid bone Thyroid cartilage Arytenoid cartilages Cricoid cartilage Trachea
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Phonation - Larynx
Pitch (frequency) Length Thickness Degree of tension
Loudness (volume) Duration of closed
phase
http://www.aos-jax.com/nrml_lar.htm
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Vocal Tract
Mandible Lips Alveolar ridge Teeth Hard palate Soft palate Uvula Tonsils Tongue
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Articulation
www.mouth-cancer-symptoms.com/
Articulators lips teeth (central and lateral incisors), canine/cuspid, 1st premolar (bicuspid), 2nd premolar (Bicuspid), 1st, 2nd and 3rd molar. hard palate soft palate tongueOther landmarks uvula tonsils
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Resonance - Oral Cavity
www.drsinha.com/tonsillectomy.htm
•oral cavity–Tongue Musculature
•intrinsic muscles - changes shape of tongue•extrinsic - changes in tongue position
–Mandibular Movement•elevators•depressors•protractor
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Resonance - Nasal Cavity
www.ghorayeb.com/CleftPalate.html
•nasal cavity–soft palate or velum–raises to close off nasal cavity–muscles to elevate and depress
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www.cortexity.com:8080/nicksblog/
Resonance - Pharynx
Nasopharynx Oropharynx laryngopharynx
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Articulatory Physiology
Vowels Shape of cavity
Consonants Voicing Place of production Manner of production
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synapse
motor orefferentnerve
sensory or afferent nerve
composed of billions of individual cells (neurons) and their supportive tissuecell bodydendrites - short extensions around cell bodyaxon - long extensionend brushes - numerous branches which allow a synapse
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Nervous System
http://medicalimages.allrefer.com/large/central-nervous-system.jpg
•central nervous system (CNS)–brain–spinal cord
•peripheral nervous system (PNS)–voluntary
•cranial nerves•spinal nerves
–involuntary•autonomic nervous system
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MajorRegionsof theBrain
http://w3.aces.uiuc.edu/AnSci/BSE/Figures/CNS_parts_85_rgb.jpg
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The Brainhttp://laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/Teachers/pphelps//Published_Trays/PS107-Fall98-Lec2/slide_9.html
http://www.gen.umn.edu/courses/1135/lab/brainlab/braindevelopment.html
Major embryonic areas of the brain.•Forebrain•Midbrain•Hindbrain
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The Forebrain - Cerebrum
http://www.newhopeforparkinsons.com/images/brainillustration2.gif
laxmi.nuc.ucla.edu:8888/.../slide_21.html
•cerebral hemispheres–cortex
•outermost few millimeters•dark in color (gray matter)
–nerve tracts (white matter)•projection fibers (from cortex down)•association fibers (front to back)•commissural (between hemispheres)
•basal nuclei or ganglia–gray matter deep within the hemisphere
•roll in cordination–athetosis (slow, writhing, snakelike movements)–chorea (jerky purposeless movements)
•thalamus (walnut shaped)–synthesizer and relay center–regulates water balance, sleep and consciousness, body temperatureand food intake
•olfaction center
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Hemispheric Specialization
http://images.encarta.msn.com/xrefmedia/aencmed/targets/illus/ilt/T012861A.gif
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Landmarks
http://photos1.blogger.com/img/281/4281/320/Brain%20-%20Lobes.jpg
•Frontal Lobe•Parietal Lobe•Occipital Lobe•Temporal Lobe•Lateral Fissure (deep)•Central Sulcus (shallow)•Precentral Gyrus (motor cortex)•Postcentral Gyrus (sensory cortex)
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Specialization for Speech
1. Auditory area2. Visual cortex3. Wernicke’s Area4. Broca’s Area5. Motor cortex
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Midbrain (mesencephalon)
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0009.jpg
•cerebral peduncles (paired, short thick stalks)•descending and ascending fiber tracts•connect cerebrum with hindbrain•centers for motor coordination
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The Hindbrain
http://www.mhhe.com/socscience/intro/ibank/ibank/0012lll.jpg
•cerebellum (little brain)–integrating and coordinating center
•maintains muscle tone•posture•equilibrium•muscle coordination
–ataxia•pons (bridge)
–tranverse white fibers (cerebellum)–longitudinal white fibers (medulla and cerebrum)
•medulla oblongata–continuous with spinal cord–all ascending and descending nerve tracts of spinal cord
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Cranial Nerves
I. OlfactoryII. OpticIII. OculomotorIV. TrochlearV. TrigeminalVI. AbducensVII. FacialVIII. AcousticIX. GlossopharyngealX. VagusXI. AccessoryXII. Hypoglossal