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Chapter 29

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1. Nationalism a. caused intense rivalry among nations 2. Imperialism a. compete for colonies in Africa and Asia b. fighting for resources 3. Militarism a. European arms race; plans for war b. Build up of military

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4. Alliance System a. Growing rivalries and mutual distrust had led to the creation of several military alliances among the Great Powers as early as 1871 b. Triple Alliance Germany, Austria- Hungary, Italy, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria c. Triple Entente France, Britain, Russia, Serbia

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5. Straw that broke the camels back Assassination of a key member of society Archduke Franz Ferdinand - Heir to the Austro- Hungarian throne Visiting Serbia to get create a peace treaty Gavrilo Princip, (wannabe) member of The Black Hand (Serbian Nationalist group) Shot them as part of his initiation Austria presented Serbia with ultimatum Agreed to most demands/ have others settled by international conference Serbia Rejected; Austria declared war

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Draw a picture and explain how you see each of the 5 causes of WWI in todays world Where do you see Nationalism? Where do you see Imperialism? Where do you see Militarism? Where do you see Alliance Systems? Whos assassination would cause World War III?

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Austria-Hungary on Serbia on July 28 th Russia announces full mobilization of its armed forces on July 31, 1914 Germany, taking Russias mobilization as a defacto declaration of war, declares war on Russia on August 1, 1914: Germany declares war on France on August 3, 1914: Germany declares war on neutral Belgium and invades in a right flanking move designed to defeat France quickly. As a result of this invasion, Britain declares war on Germany. August 4, 1914:

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1. Nations take sides a. Central Powers 1. Germany, Austria-Hungary, Ottoman Empire b. Allies 1. Great Britain (England), France, Russia c. Italy 1. Began as a Central Power Member 2. Overthrew King and went to Allies side

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1. Western Front a. Dead locked region in Northern France 2. The Conflict Grinds Along a. Schlieffen Plan 1. German Military Plan 2. Defeat Russian then go to Western France b. Battle of the Marne 1. German forces entered France c. Stalemate 1. No military Advances

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3. War in the Trenches a. Trench Warfare 1. Live in the trenches (really BIG ditch) b. No mans land 1. area between trenches c. Terrain of Death 1. Where all the dead bodies are laid d. New Tools of War 1. Gas Masks, Chemical Warfare, Mines, New Guns

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1. Eastern Front a. Fighting in Russia 2. Early Fighting a. Russian Forces attacked Germany b. Russian Forces attacked Austria-Hungary 3. Russia Struggles a. Lack of Industrialization 1. No Factories b. Lack of Supplies 1. No weapons c. Russian Armys asset 1. Lots of soldiers d. Fighting past Europe 1. Fighting in Ottoman Empire

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1. Gallipoli Campaign a. Strategy 1. Allies strategy to attack Dardanelles in Ottoman Empire 2. Way to get to Constantinople (Capital) b. Battle for Dardanelles 1. Known as the Gallipoli Campaign Allies lost

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2. Battles in Africa and Asia a. Asia 1. Japanese Overran Germans 2. Japanese captured German Pacific Islands b. Africa 1. Germany attacked British and French Colonies c. Supply lines to Britain and France 1. Fight was to keep them open for suppiles d. Reasons the colonies fought 1. Keep those supply lines open 2. Win independence

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3. America Joins the Fight a. Unrestricted Submarine warfare 1. The sinking of any British ship in German waters 2. Sinking of the Lusitania a. Passenger ship sunk 128 Americans killed DID IT HAVE AMO OR DIDNT IT????? Zimmermann Telegraph 1. Letter from Germany to Mexico DID THIS EXIST OR DID IT NOT?????

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1. Governments Wage total War a. Total War 1. Devote all resources to war b. Control of Factories 1. Factories devote time to make stuff for war c. Rationing 1. Taking small amount to provide for soldiers d. Propaganda 1. pushing negative view of the enemy

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2. Women at the War a. Factories 1. Replaced men at their jobs b. Front Lines 1. Nurses

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1. Russia Withdraws a. Bolshevics push Communism b. Czar Nicholas II steps down 1. To avoid a Civil War c. Treaty of Brest-Litovsk 1. Peace treaty to end the war between Russia and Germany

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2. Central Powers Collapse a. German forces to the West 1. No longer had to fight Russia Two front war 2. Able to control much of France b. Second battle of Marne 1. Allies were able to finally stop the Germans c. Surrenders 1. First Bulgaria 2. Second - Ottoman Empire 3. Third Austria-Hungary 4. Fourth - Germany

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2. Central Powers Collapse (contd) d. Germany Surrenders 1. Kaiser Wilhelm II steps down a. Germany claims responsibility for the War 2. Armistice a. Agreement to stop fighting ** Signed on a train on November 11 th, 1918 at 6am. The treaty went into affect 11am. This is why Veterans day is on November 11 th.

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1. A different type of War a. New Technology b. Grand and Global Scale c. Landscape of Death 2. Death of Destruction a. 8.5 MILLION soldiers died b. 21 MILLION soldiers wounded c. COUNTLESS civilians died, d. War Cost - $338 BILLION U.S. dollars

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Open Diplomacy - There should be no secret treaties between powers Freedom of Navigation - Seas should be free in both peace and war Free Trade - The barriers to trade between countries such as custom duties should be removed Multilateral Disarmament - All countries should reduce their armed forces to the lowest possible levels Colonies - People in European colonies should have a say in their future Russia - Russia should be allowed to operate whatever government it wanted and that government should be accepted, supported and welcomed. Belgium - Belgium should be evacuated and restored to the situation before the war.

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France - should have Alsace-Lorraine and any lands taken away during the war restored. Italy - The Italian border should be readjusted according to nationality National Self -Determination - The national groups in Europe should, wherever possible, be given their independence. Romania, Montenegro and Serbia - Should be evacuated and Serbia should have an outlet to the sea Turkey - The people of Turkey should have a say in their future Poland - Poland should become an independent state with an outlet to the sea. League of Nations - An assembly of all nations should be formed to protect world peace in the future.

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United States would let Germany borrow money Germany would pay back Britain and France would pay back the United States

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How can we keep the fighting from happening by creating a CONTRACT (not a treaty) Create a contract of two paragraphs stating what each of the countries promise to do to keep the fighting from happening. 4 groups United States, France, Great Britain, Germany ALL MUST AGREE!

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German army of only 100,000 men German battleships 6 but NO submarines NO Air Force allowed NO military bases in Western Germany (close to France) NO treaties with Austria or Hungary Pay France, Great Britain and the United States back for the money they spent on war

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Geneva, Switzerland neutral country during the war 3 major sanctions 1. call countries to the table to discuss issues 2. League make a decision if the countries couldnt (Assembly) 3. If those involved do not listen to the decision they could impose economic sanctions (Council) Problems Russia and Germany were not allowed to join ALL countries involved had to agree on a decision NOT majority rule U.S. (creator) Congress refused to allow the U.S. to join