© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 17 Respiratory System.
Chapter 22 Behavior-Modifying Drugs Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning.
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Transcript of Chapter 22 Behavior-Modifying Drugs Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning.
Chapter 22
Behavior-Modifying Drugs
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Basic Terminology
• The use of drugs to treat problem behaviors is only a small part of treating animal behavior problems– Must correctly diagnose the condition, examine the
social conditions, and alter external stimuli
• Potential side effects of long-term use– Liver, kidney, and cardiovascular problems
• Used extra-label– Must have veterinarian/client/patient relationship
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Classes of Behavior-Modifying Drugs
– Anti-anxiety drugs• Antihistamines• Benzodiazepines• Phenothiazines• Azapirones• Barbiturates
– Antidepressants• Tricyclics• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors
– Hormones• Progestins• Estrogen• Testosterone inhibitors
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Anti-anxiety Drugs
• Anti-anxiety drugs attempt to decrease anxiety• Types of anti-anxiety drugs
– Antihistamines produce some degree of sedation because they suppress the CNS
• Used to treat anxiety associated with pruritus; the antipruritic effects of antihistamines appear to lessen this anxiety as well
• Examples include hydroxyzine and diphenhydramine
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Anti-anxiety Drugs
• Types of anti-anxiety drugs (cont.)– Benzodiazepines
• Are chemically related compounds used to relieve anxiety; appear to work on the limbic system of the brain by potentiating GABA
• Bind to specific sites in the brain; appear to produce sedation and relieve anxiety
• Used to treat aggression, urine spraying, and noise phobias• Examples include diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, lorazepam,
flumazenil, and alprazolam
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Anti-anxiety Drugs
• Types of anti-anxiety drugs (cont.)– Phenothiazines
• Are chemically related compounds that work by antagonism of dopamine (increased dopamine levels are associated with some psychotic diseases)
• Used to treat aggression (however, may make animals more reactive to noise)
• Examples include chlorpromazine, acepromazine, promazine, perphenazine, and prochlorperazine
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Anti-anxiety Drugs
• Types of anti-anxiety drugs (cont.)– Azapirones
• Chemically different from other anti-anxiety drugs; do not cause sedation
• Work by blocking serotonin; used to treat urine spraying and anxiety-associated aggression
• An example is buspirone– Barbiturates
• Have anti-anxiety action due to their ability to cause CNS depression (they have an effect on GABA)
• Used to control vocalization in cats and seizure-like anxiety in dogs
• Examples include phenobarbital and carbamazepine
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Anti-anxiety Drugs
• Types of anti-anxiety drugs (cont.)– Types of anticonvulsants
• Carbamazepine– used to treat seizure-like anxiety in dogs– Absorbed slowly by the gastrointestinal tract– May enhance the metabolism of other drugs– The main side effect is hepatotoxicity
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Antidepressant Drugs
• Antidepressant drugs are used to treat various mood changes (including aggression) and cognitive dysfunction in animals
• Transmission of nerve impulses between two nerves or between a nerve and tissue takes place via the release of neurotransmitters from storage sites at the nerve terminal
• After the neurotransmitter combines with the appropriate receptors, reduction of neurotransmitter concentration occurs– One mechanism involves the reuptake of neurotransmitter– Another mechanism involves destruction of neurotransmitter by
monoamine oxidase (MAO)
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Antidepressant Drugs
• Tricyclic antidepressants (TCAs)– Work by interfering with the reuptake of serotonin by the
presynaptic nerve cell; its metabolites inhibit the reuptake of norepinephrine
– Increases the concentration of neurotransmitter at postsynaptic receptors in the CNS
– Used to treat separation anxiety, pruritic conditions, and compulsive disorders in animals
– Side effects include anticholinergic effects, liver problems, and thyroid effects
– Examples include amitriptyline, imipramine, clomipramine, and doxepin
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Antidepressant Drugs
• Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs)– Work by inhibiting the enzyme monoamine oxidase,
thus reducing the destruction of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine
– MAOIs irreversibly inhibit MAO– Used to treat cognitive dysfunction in dogs– Side effects include hypotension, drowsiness, and
anticholinergic effects– An example approved for dogs is selegiline; extra-
label examples include phenelzine, isocarboxazid, and tranylcypromine sulfate
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Antidepressant Drugs
• Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)– Work by inhibiting serotonin reuptake, resulting in
increased serotonin neurotransmission– Used to treat depression, aggression, anxiety,
phobias, and compulsive disorders– Side effects are few– Examples include fluoxetine, sertraline, and
paroxetine
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hormones
• Progestins and estrogens have calming effects due to their suppression of the excitatory effects of glutamine and their suppression of male-like behaviors
• Side effects include mammary gland hyperplasia, endometrial hyperplasia, bone marrow suppression, and endocrine disorders
• Examples include– Diethylstilbestrol: used for urinary incontinence– Medroxyprogestone acetate: used to treat male-like behaviors– Megestrol acetate: used to treat urine spraying, anxiety,
aggression, and dermatitis conditions
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Hormones
• Testosterone inhibitors inhibit the production of testosterone or block enzymes that convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone (its potent form)
• Used to treat aggression in male dogs• An example is delmadinone, which is used to
treat aggression in male dogs• The human product finasteride is used to treat
benign prostatic hyperplasia and may be used in the future in veterinary medicine
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Pheromones
• Chemical that trigger a behavioral response between members of the same species
• Many different types such as sex and territorial pheromones
• In most animals pheromones have a general calming effect
• No significant side effects are noted for the use of pheromones
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Types of Pheromones Used in Veterinary Medicine
• Dog Appeasing Pheromone (DAP)– Produced by females to provide a feeling of safety and
comfort to the young– used to treat separation anxiety, destruction,
excessive barking, house soiling, phobias, and excessive licking
• Feline Facial Pheromone (FFP)– Made by cat cheek gland secretions– Used to treat urine marking or spraying, avoidance of
social contact, stressful situations, inter-cat aggression, vertical scratching, or appetite loss
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Types of PheromonesUsed in Veterinary Medicine
• Equine Appeasing Pheromone (EAP)– A maternal pheromone found in the “wax area” close
to the mammae of a nursing mare – is administered in 2 sprays into each naris 30 minutes
before a stressful event– Is used in horses to alleviate stressful situations such
as transport, shoeing, clipping, new environments, and training
Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning