Chapter 15 Antiparasitics Copyright © 2011 Delmar, Cengage Learning.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Muscular System.
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Transcript of © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Chapter 7 Muscular System.
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Chapter 7
Muscular System
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Functions of Muscular System
• Body heat to maintain body temperature
• Body movement
• Body form and shape to maintain posture
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Types of Muscles
• Skeletal muscle– Under conscious control
• Smooth muscle– Not under conscious control
• Cardiac muscle– In the heart only
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Animation – Typesof Muscle Tissue
Click Here to play Types of Muscle Tissue animation
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Characteristics of Muscles
• Contractibility
• Excitability or irritability
• Extensibility
• Elasticity
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscle Attachmentsand Functions
• Over 650 muscles in the body
• Muscles must be attached to bones for leverage
• Muscles only pull, never push
• Attached to bone by tendons
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscle Attachmentsand Functions
• Muscles are attached at both ends
• Attachments may be to bones, cartilage, ligaments, tendons, skin or to each other
• Origin and insertion
• Prime mover and antagonist
• Synergists
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Sources of Energy and Heat
• Narrow range of normal body temperature
• 98.6 °F to 99.8°F
• ATP (adenosine triphosphate)– Need oxygen, glucose, and other material to make
– By-product is lactic acid
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
• Myoneural stimulation
• Contraction of muscle proteins
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Effects of Aging
• Muscle atrophy
• Fibrous tissue replaces the muscle tissue
• Decrease in muscular strength and endurance
• Loss of energy storage– Fatigue
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscle Fatigue
• Caused by accumulation of lactic acid in the muscles
• When not enough oxygen can be transported to oxidize all the glucose
– Muscles contract anaerobically
• Excess lactic acid causes fatigue and cramps
• Need to repay oxygen debt
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscle Tone
• Muscle tone– Muscles are always slightly contracted and ready to pull
• Proper nutrition and regular exercise
• Isotonic
• Isometric
• Atrophy and hypertrophy
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Principle Skeletal Muscles
• Skeletal or voluntary muscles– Move the skeleton
• Also control movement of the eyeballs, eyelids, lips, tongues, and skin
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Naming of Skeletal Muscles
• Location
• Size
• Direction
• Number of origins
• Location of origin and insertion
• Not all muscles are named by above method
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscles
• 656 muscles
• 327 antagonistic muscles and two unpaired muscles
– Orbicularis oris
– Diaphragm
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscles
• Head muscles
• Neck muscles
• Trunk and extremity muscles
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscles of the Head and Neck
• Control expressions
• Mastication
• Movement of the head
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Muscles
• Muscles of the upper extremities– Shoulder, arm and hand movements
• Muscles of the trunk– Breathing and movement of the abdomen and pelvis
• Muscles of the lower extremities– Thigh, leg, ankle, foot, and toes
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Exercise
• Alters the size, structure, and strength of a muscle
• Atrophy
• Hypertrophy
• Scar formation from injury
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Exercise
• Improved coordination
• Improved respiratory and circulatory system
• Elimination or reduction of excess fat
• Improved joint movement
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Exercise
• Increase in muscle size
• Improved antagonistic muscle coordination
• Improved functioning in the cortical brain region, where the nerve impulses that start muscular contraction
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Massage Muscles
• Potential health benefits
• Terms used in massage therapy to describe type of massage
• Location of surface body muscles
• Physiotherapy and general massage
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Electrical Stimulation
• Passing electrical currents through the skin into the body for therapeutic uses
• Stimulate nerve tissue
• Do not produce heat or cold
• Used in physical therapy
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Intramuscular Injections
• Deltoid (upper arm)
• Vastus lateralis (anterior thigh)
• Dorsal gluteal or ventral gluteal (buttocks)
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Muscle atrophy
• Muscle strain
• Muscle spasm
• Myalgia
• Hernia
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Musculoskeletal Disorders
• Flatfeet (talipes)
• Tetanus (lockjaw)
• Torticollis (wry neck)
• Muscular dystrophy
• Myastenia gravis
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Recreational Injuries
• Tennis elbow
• Shin splints
• Rotator cuff disease
© 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
Treatment
• Short term treatment for sprains, tears, pulls
and other minor muscle of joint injuries
• RICE– R – Rest
– I – Ice
– C – Compression
– E – Elevation