Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems
description
Transcript of Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems
![Page 1: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
• Maintains fluid balance• Protect body from infection and disease
Chapter 21Lymphatic and Immune Systems
![Page 2: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Lymphatic Vessels Within Capillary Network
2
Lymphatic capillaries weave through blood capillaries.
![Page 3: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
3
• 1.) Fluid recovery– absorbs plasma proteins and fluid from tissues and
returns it to the bloodstream• interference with lymphatic drainage leads to severe edema
• 2.) Immunity– fluids from all capillary beds are filtered– immune cells stand ready to respond to foreign cells
2 Major Functions of Lymphatic System
![Page 4: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
4
Lymphatic Obstruction
• Elephantiasis- mosquito-borne infection effect the skin to cause it to thicken. Also, the scrotum of men and breasts of women are similarly effected.
![Page 5: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
5
Lymph and Lymphatic Tissue• Lymph
– clear, colorless fluid, similar to plasma, it bathes the cells…
• Lymph is like blood in the vascular system• This fluid flows within lymphatic vessels• Lymphatic tissue is specialized connective tissue
that contains lymphocytes
![Page 6: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
6
Route of Lymph Flow• Lymphatic vessels are vein-like, have valves and
go along the course with arteries and veins• Lymphatic vessels permits interstitial fluid to flow
in and out• The flow- Lymphatic capillaries to:• Lymphatic vessels to:• Lymph nodes.• So lymphatic vessels, unlike blood circulation,
don’t have arteries but start with capillaries.
![Page 7: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
7
Valve in a Lymphatic Vessel
• Why valves?
![Page 8: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
8
Lymphatic Drainage of Mammary and Axillary Regions
![Page 9: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
9
Lymphatic Cells (WBC’s)• Macrophages
– Large WBC’S that eat invaders• T lymphocytes
– Mature in Thymus• B lymphocytes
– Mature in Bone marrow• Memory cells
– Specialized B & T lymphocytes that recognize a pathogen (invader) after it has been encountered and react with a quick response
![Page 10: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
10
Lymphatic Organs• Organs of the immune system • Lymph nodes
– cervical, axillary and inguinal regions close to surface– thoracic, abdominal and pelvic groups deep in cavities
• Tonsils– guard entrance to pharynx
• Spleen– inferior to diaphragm on the left
• Thymus– behind sternum
![Page 11: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
11
Thymus Gland• Thymus gland is located posterior to the sternal
angle (above the heart)• Thymus gland produces T cells
![Page 12: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
12
Lymph Node• Lymph Nodes- approximately 600 bean shaped
nodes in the body• Lymph nodes - only organs that filter lymph
– reticular tissue cells (like a network of cotton fibers), macrophages phagocytize (eat) foreign matter
– lymphocytes respond to antigens
![Page 13: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
13
Swollen Lymph nodes• Lymph nodes filter lymph• Common site for metastatic cancer• Foreign substance are trapped• Macrophages destroy by using phagocytosis• Examination of swollen glands:
– Neck- sweep from clavicle on SCM to ear– Axilla- place hand at apex, lower arm– Groin- palpate just below pubic bone by femoral artery
![Page 14: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
14
Differential Diagnosis of Nodes• CANCER• Firm, hard• Non-movable• No fever• Not painful• Diagnosis- neoplasm
• INFECTION• Soft• Movable• Fever• Painful• Diagnosis- swollen lymph nodes
![Page 15: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
15
Tonsils• Aggregation of lymphatic tissue at the ring of the
throat• The tonsils, are strategically positioned to
participate in immune response against foreign substances that are inhaled or ingested.
• Most common reason for tonsillectomy today is apnea
![Page 16: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
16
Spleen• Largest mass of lymphatic tissue, 5 inch long• 3 Functions-
– Immune function: filters blood for antibody covered invaders
– Recycles old & damaged blood cells– Stores blood to prevent shock
![Page 17: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
17
Resistance to Disease• Resistance- your body’s ability to ward off disease
– Two Types: – 1.) Nonspecific
• General defense such as skin, mucous membranes, acidity of the stomach
– 2.) Specific (also called Immunity)• Specific defense, produces specific cells (lymphocytes) that
combat particular bugs• results from prior exposure, protects against only a particular
pathogen• immune system
![Page 18: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
18
Nonspecific Resistance to Disease- External
• Immediate protection against a wide range of pathogens, general not a specific response
• External resistance to disease- passive defense– Barrier: the skin
• toughness of keratin• dry and nutrient-poor• lactic acid (acid mantle) is a component of perspiration barrier
– Barrier: gastrointestinal barrier– Flow: mucous
• stickiness of mucus • lysozyme: enzyme destroys bacterial cell wall
– Flow: cilia, tears, saliva, urine, defecation, vomit, diarrhea, sebum, perspiration, gastric juice, vaginal secretions
![Page 19: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
19
Nonspecific Resistance to Disease- Internal
• Natural killer cells: lymphocytes & Phagocytes • Fever
– Can kill or prevent invader from reproducing– How high is too high? Coma and death occurs at 111F- 115F,
practically 104-5 degrees is the limit• Inflammation
– suffix -itis denotes inflammation of specific organs– Pain, heat, redness, swelling– Increased blood flow, temp & WBC’s leaking out
![Page 20: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
20
Specific Immunity• Immunity is the bodies ability to defend against specific invaders such as viruses, toxins, bacteria
• This system is Antigen based- substances that are recognized as foreign and provoke an immune response
• Immunology- study of the immune response
![Page 21: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
21
Antigens (Bad Guys)• Antigen means Antibody Generator- these guys
stimulate antibodies production, like pollen to an allergic person, usually made of protein
• Antibodies are proteins designed by the immune system to lock onto a specific part of an invader and mark it for destruction. They are specific to a particular invader.
![Page 22: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Primary & Secondary Immune Response
• Primary Response– Primary response happens the first time a pathogen is
encountered. It takes 5-7 days to mount a specific response (antibodies), so the illness will last 7 – 10 days.
• Secondary Response– Secondary response occurs at each subsequent
encounter with that pathogen. Memory cells will trigger immediate response to the antigens, so that the person may not even feel ill.
22
![Page 23: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Active & Passive Immunity• Active Immunity
– A result of actually encountering the antigen– Can happen by getting the disease or by vaccination– Vaccination exposes the body to a weakened or killed
version of the disease• Passive Immunity
– Receiving antibodies from another person– Mother’s milk– “blood serum” – antibodies filtered from another
person’s blood23
![Page 24: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
24
Hypersensitivity (Allergy)• Excessive immune reaction against antigens that most
people can tolerate called allergens• Hypersensitivity- Acute (most common)
– anaphylaxis: mucus hypersecretion, congestion; hives, watery eyes, runny nose
• Asthma (most common chronic illness in children)– inhaled allergens, bronchiole constriction
• Anaphylactic shock: bronchiolar constriction, dyspnea, vasodilation, shock, death; treatment- epinephrine
![Page 25: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
25
Immunodeficiency Diseases
• Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease – hereditary lack of T and B cells– vulnerability to opportunistic
infection – One disease that has been
successfully treated with genetic engineering
![Page 26: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
26
• AIDS– HIV structure– invades helper T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells
by “tricking” them to internalize viruses by receptor mediated endocytosis
– reverse transcriptase (retrovirus), uses viral RNA as template to synthesize DNA, new DNA inserted into host cell DNA, may be dormant for months to years
Immunodeficiency Diseases
![Page 27: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
27
AIDS• Signs and symptoms
– early symptoms: flulike chills and fever– progresses to night sweats, fatigue, headache, extreme
weight loss, lymphadenitis– normal T cell count is 600 to 1,200 of blood but in
AIDS it is < 200 – thrush: white patches on mucous membranes may appear– Kaposi sarcoma: cancer originates in endothelial cells of
blood vessels causes purple lesions in skin
![Page 28: Chapter 21 Lymphatic and Immune Systems](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022081502/56816415550346895dd5c7b6/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
28
HIV Transmission• Through blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast
milk, or across the placenta• Most common means of transmission
– sexual intercourse (vaginal, anal, oral)– contaminated blood products– contaminated needles
• Not transmitted by casual contact• Undamaged latex condom is an effective barrier to
HIV especially with the spermicide nonoxynol-9