Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 2-1 The Nature of Matter.
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Transcript of Chapter 2 The Chemistry of Life 2-1 The Nature of Matter.
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Chapter 2
The Chemistry of Life
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2-1 The Nature of Matter
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Everything is made of matter.And matter comes from the elements. ______ are naturally occurring. Only 4 elements- _________(C),_______________(H), _________________ (O), and __________(N) make up 96% of a human.
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Elements that make up living thingsElement Symbol % in human bodyOxygen 65.0Carbon 19.5Hydrogen 9.5Nitrogen 3.3Calcium 1.5Phosphorus 1.0Potassium 0.4
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Elements cont’d
Sulfur 0.3Sodium 0.2Chlorine 0.2Magnesium 0.1Iron TraceIodine TraceCopper TraceManganese TraceMolybdenum Trace
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Trace ElementsEven though some elements are found in very small amounts, these trace elements play a vital role in _________________________________ in all organisms.
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Atoms- The Building Blocks of AtomsAn _______________________ is the smallest part of an element.
Atoms are made up of a _________________ surrounded by an ______________________.
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The nucleus and electron cloudNucleus is composed of subatomic particles called ________________________(+ charges) and ______________________ (no charges).
The electron cloud contains _________________ (- charges) in different energy levels.
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ProtonsThe ____________________________ determines which element we’re talking about.The number of protons is balanced out by the number of electrons so there is _________________________ in a neutral atom.If an atom has a net charge, it has either more protons or more electrons.
If more protons (overall + charge) it’s called a ________________________.
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Electrons
If there are more electrons than protons (overall – charge) it’s called an ________________________.
Electrons are found in energy levels.
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Energy Levels1st energy level- holds _____ electrons 2nd energy level- holds _____ electrons3rd energy level- holds _____ electronsChanging levels utilizes energy. From lower to higher, __________ energy. From higher to lower, __________ energy.
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NeutronsAn element can have a _____________
______________ and still be the same element- just a different version of it.A different number of neutrons gives each substance different ___________________.Substances with differing numbers of neutrons are called ______________________.
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IsotopesBecause they have the same number of protons and electrons, the different isotopes of a single element have the ____________________________________
Some isotopes are associated with a release of radiation (their nuclei are unstable and break down).Radiation can ________________________ (cancer treatments).
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Nonradioactive carbon-12 Nonradioactive carbon-13 Radioactive carbon-14
6 electrons6 protons6 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons8 neutrons
6 electrons6 protons7 neutrons
Section 2-1
Figure 2-2 Isotopes of Carbon
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Is water an element?Chemical formula is H2O- hydrogen and water.
Type of substance called a _______________.A compound is a substance composed of _______________________________________.
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CompoundsA compound is a substance formed by the combination of two or more elements in ________________________________Composition is determined by chemical formula
H2ONaCl
The smallest unit of a compound is a _______________________.
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BondsCombined substance are held together by bonds.
___________________: two substances that share electrons. Found in most organisms (proteins, fats, carbohydrates, water).____________________: the attractive force existing between two ions of opposite charge. (Na+ and Cl- are attracted to form a neutral compound: NaCl. The ions have combined chemically.)
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Van der Waals ForcesBecause electrons are moving quickly, there may be tiny _____________________ _______ charged areas on a large molecule.If shapes and charges of two molecules match, a slight attraction may develop- easily formed
easily separated
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Sodium atom (Na) Chlorine atom (Cl) Sodium ion (Na+) Chloride ion (Cl-)
Transferof electron
Protons +11Electrons -11Charge 0
Protons +17Electrons -17Charge 0
Protons +11Electrons -10Charge +1
Protons +17Electrons -18Charge -1
Section 2-1
Figure 2-3 Ionic Bonding
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2-2 Properties of Water
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The Importance of WaterMost life processes can occur only when molecules and ions are free to move and collide with one another- when they are ___________
_____________________Water is an example of a __________________.
+-
-
+
--
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Polar MoleculesA polar molecule is a molecule with an _______
____________________ of charge, so that the oxygen end is slightly positive and the hydrogen end is slightly negative. This makes it act like a ______________________. By being polar, water can attract and dissolve many _________ compounds.
+
--
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Water molecules also attract each other- the plus side to the minus side. The they can form a weak covalent bond called a _______________.
__________________________: attraction between molecules of the same substance. Water is very cohesive.__________________________: Attraction between different substances (think meniscus)
Other molecules with hydrogen bonds are found in _________________ (an important fact!).
-
--
-+
+
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SolutionA solution is a mixture in which one or more substances is _________________________ in another substance. The _______________ is dissolved into the __________________. Example: Kool-aid is a solute in water, or blood sugar.
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SuspensionsSome materials don’t break into individual molecules in water but into ________________ they don’t settle out. The __________________ keeps them suspended.Example:
Milk Blood
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MixturesA mixture occurs when two substances are mixed but ____________________________. Example- sand and sugar.
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Acids, Bases & pHH2O H+ + OH-
Water hydrogen + hydroxide ion ion
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Acids & Bases
Chemical reactions can only occur if conditions are right, including the pH of the environment. pH is a measure of how ________________________________a solution is.Acid: any substance that forms ____________________ in water
HCl (H2O) H+ + Cl-
Base: any substance that forms ____________________ in waterNaOH (H20) OH- + Na+
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Acids & Bases
Strong acids and bases can harm living tissue. ________________ keep the pH between 6.5 and 7.5 (homeostasis).
Example: buffered aspirin (ASA)
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The pH ScaleIndicates concentrationof ______________.
Strong acids: ____________
Strong bases: ____________
Neutral pH = 7 ____________
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Oven cleaner
Bleach
Ammonia solution
Soap
Sea water
Human blood
Pure water
Milk
Normal
rainfall
Acid rain
Tomato
juice
Lemon juice
Stomach acid
Neutral
Incr
easi
ng
ly B
asi
cIn
creasi
ng
ly A
cid
ic
Section 2-2
pH Scale
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2-3 Carbon Compounds
Carbon has 4 electrons in outer energy level available to bond, so usually forms ______________________.
C
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6
CCarbon12.011
Section 2-1
An Element in the Periodic Table
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Role of Carbon cont’d.Can bond with _____________________________ or with many other elements.When carbons bond to each other, can form _____________________________________________________Rings or chains can have ______________________ in them as well. C
C C OH N C C
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Molecular Chains_____________________________ can contain up to
1000s of carbon atoms.Proteins in animals and starches in plants are examples
of macromolecules in organisms.
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Condensation & Hydrolysis
____________________________: molecules are bonded together by one losing an -H and the other an -OH (HOH - a water molecule!)
____________________________: the breaking apart of a molecule by adding water to it, giving an -H to one end and an -OH to the other.
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Structure of CarbohydratesA _____________________________ is an organic
compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen with a ratio of 2 hydrogens and 1 oxygen for every carbon.___________________: simple sugar like glucose or
fructose___________________: a two-sugar carbohydrate___________________: polymers composed of many
monosaccharide units, like starch, cellulose, or glycogen.
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Polysaccharides__________________________: highly branched chains of glucose used as food
storage by plants__________________________: another, even more branched polymer of
glucose used for food storage in animals__________________________: a glucose polymer that forms the cell wall of
plants and gives plants structural support.
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Starch
Glucose
Section 2-3
Figure 2-13 A Starch
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Proteins A protein is a large, complex polymer composed
of ____________________________________ _____________________________. The basic building blocks of proteins are called
_______________________________. _____________ common amino acids Linked by condensation and a covalent bond called a
__________________________. The __________________________________
of the amino acids determines the kind of protein.
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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Proteins are _____________________________. Build __________________________ and carry out cell
_______________________________. Muscle contraction Transporting oxygen in blood Carrying out chemical reactions Providing immunity Enzymes
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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General structure Alanine Serine
Section 2-3
Figure 2-16 Amino Acids
Amino group Carboxyl group
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Section 2-3
Figure 2-17 A Protein
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Lipids (Fats)Lipids are organic compounds that have a large proportion of C-H
bonds and _________________________ than carbohydrates. Example: C57H110O6
Commonly called ___________________________. They are insoluble in water because their molecules are ______________ and not attracted by water molecules.
Used for long-term energy storage, insulation, and protective coatings. They are major components of cell membranes.
fatty acid glycerol fatty acid fatty acid
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Nucleic Acids A nucleic acid is a complex macromolecule that stores
information in cells in the form of a ______________. Made of polymers of smaller subunits called
_____________________________. They consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and
phosphorus atoms arranges in three groups- _________________________________________________ Examples are DNA and RNA.
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2-4 Chemical Reactions“You are what you eat.”
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CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
___________ ____________
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Chemical ReactionsIn chemical reactions
Bonds between atoms are ____________________Substances ____________ into different substances
Every cell in your body has chemical reactions going on inside it.
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Metabolism Metabolism is all of the ____________________ that take place in an organism.These reactions break down and build molecules that are important for the functioning of organisms.Chemical reactions are represented by chemical __________________________.
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Enzymes
An enzyme is a ___________________ that speeds up a chemical reaction by lowering the _________________________________. Might not occur at all without it. Allow temperature to be ________________ or
environment to be less acidic, for example. Found in _______________________, synthesis of
molecules, and ________________________________________________________.
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Reaction pathwaywithout enzyme Activation energy
without enzyme
Activationenergywith enzymeReaction pathway
with enzyme
Reactants
Products
Section 2-4
Effect of Enzymes
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Regulation of EnzymesEnzymes are effective within a narrow range of _______________________________________Cells have specialized proteins that turn enzymes _____________________________