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Transcript of CHAPTER 2 THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIFETHE CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIFE Alchemy and...
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CHAPTER 2
• THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF THE CHEMICAL FOUNDATIONS OF LIFELIFE
• Alchemy and ChemistryAlchemy and Chemistry
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WHAT IS MATTER?
• CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
• MATTER MATTER
• CHEMICAL REACTIONSCHEMICAL REACTIONS
• ATOMSATOMS
• NUCLEAR REACTIONSNUCLEAR REACTIONS
• MOLECULE MOLECULE
• COMPOUNDSCOMPOUNDS
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What Is Chemistry?
metallurgymetallurgy
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WHAT DETERMINES THE PROPERTIES OF AN ATOM?
MASSMASS
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What Are Atoms Made Of?
Calculate molecular weight.Calculate molecular weight.
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What Is the Internal Structure of an Atom?
• NUCLEUSNUCLEUS
• PROTONSPROTONS
• NEUTRONSNEUTRONS
• ELECTRONSELECTRONS
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ISOTOPES
• RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPESRADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
• HALF-LIFEHALF-LIFE
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What Does Radioactivity Do to Living Organisms?
free radicalsfree radicals
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Where Are the Electrons in an Atom?
• ENERGYENERGY• SHELLSSHELLS
• TWO RULES ON DISTRIBUTIONTWO RULES ON DISTRIBUTION• PRACTICE DRAWING COMMON ELEMENTSPRACTICE DRAWING COMMON ELEMENTS
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WHAT HOLDS MOLECULES TOGETHER?
• Eight electrons to an energy levelEight electrons to an energy level
• 1,2, or 3 electrons may be given up1,2, or 3 electrons may be given up
• 4 electrons will usually be shared4 electrons will usually be shared
• 5,6, or 7 electrons may gain more5,6, or 7 electrons may gain more
• Inert elements have 8 electrons and are Inert elements have 8 electrons and are unreactiveunreactive
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Covalent and ionic Bonds Are the Strong Interactions Among
Atomscovalent bondscovalent bonds
ionic bondsionic bonds
ionsions
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Atoms Share Electrons in Covalent Bonds
• SPONCHSPONCH
• Organic compounds contain carbonOrganic compounds contain carbon
• Double covalent bondsDouble covalent bonds
• Triple covalent bondsTriple covalent bonds
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What Determines the Shape of a Molecule?
Bonds give a 3-D structure.Bonds give a 3-D structure.
Fig. 2-8Fig. 2-8
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How are radioisotopes useful?
Give examples.Give examples.
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Atoms Lose and Gain Electrons in Ionic Bonds
Ions have a gain or loss of electrons Ions have a gain or loss of electrons to form + or - charges.to form + or - charges.
Opposite charges attract.Opposite charges attract.
Fig. 2-9Fig. 2-9
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Atoms Have Different Tendencies To Gain or Lose
Electrons• Electronegativitity - Electronegativitity -
the tendency to gain the tendency to gain electronselectrons
• polar- has uneven charge polar- has uneven charge distributiondistribution
• nonpolar-has uniform nonpolar-has uniform charge distributioncharge distribution
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Weak Interactions Also Hold Atoms Together
aqueous (watery) environmentaqueous (watery) environment
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Hydrophobic Molecules Cling Together in an Aqueous Solution
Hydrophilic Hydrophilic
HydrophobicHydrophobic
Give examples.Give examples.
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Van der Waals Attractions Reinforce Hydrophobic
Interactions
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Hydrogen Bonds Are Weak But Important
Hydrogen bonds in water, protein, Hydrogen bonds in water, protein, and DNA. Fig. 2-12and DNA. Fig. 2-12
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Water Is Denser as a Liquid Than as a Solid
• Table 2-2Table 2-2
• Compare water to alcohol and oilCompare water to alcohol and oil
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Water Absorbs More Heat Than Most Substances
• Heat capacityHeat capacity • stores heatstores heat
• cools coasts and the bodycools coasts and the body
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Water Molecules Cling to One Another
• CohesionCohesion
• Surface tensionSurface tension• Give examples.Give examples.
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Water Molecules Cling to Many Other Substances
• AdhesionAdhesion
• Capillary actionCapillary action• Give examples.Give examples.
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Water Is a Powerful Solvent
• SolventSolvent • SoluteSolute
• Amphipathic - contain both hydrophilic and Amphipathic - contain both hydrophilic and hydrophobic regionshydrophobic regions
• Examples- detergent and mayonnaiseExamples- detergent and mayonnaise• Fig. 2-18Fig. 2-18
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Water Participates in Many Biochemical Reactions
Planet WaterPlanet Water
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Water Molecules Continually Split into Hydrogen Ions and
Hydroxide IonsHydroxide ion (OH-)Hydroxide ion (OH-)
Hydronium ion (H3O+)Hydronium ion (H3O+)
Study equations.Study equations.
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pH Scale
• pH = power of the pH = power of the hydrogenhydrogen
• pH scale 1 - 14pH scale 1 - 14• logarithm to the base logarithm to the base
10 10 • A pH of 2 is 100 X as A pH of 2 is 100 X as
strong as a pH of 4strong as a pH of 4• each number is a 10 each number is a 10
fold differencefold difference
• acid - a pH of 0-6.99acid - a pH of 0-6.99
• Contains more hydrogen Contains more hydrogen than hydroxide ionsthan hydroxide ions
• pH 7 = H + OH = H2OpH 7 = H + OH = H2O
• base - a pH over 7 - 14base - a pH over 7 - 14
• Contains more hydroxide Contains more hydroxide than hydrogen ionsthan hydrogen ions
• Fig. 2-20Fig. 2-20
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Life At Low pH
Box 2-2Box 2-2
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Why Is pH Important to Organisms?
Discuss examples.Discuss examples.
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Buffers: How Do Organisms Resist Changes in pH?
• Buffers neutralize acids and bases.Buffers neutralize acids and bases.
• Carbonic acid and bicarbonate are two Carbonic acid and bicarbonate are two important buffers of the body.important buffers of the body.
• Body pH should be 7.35-7.45 or problems Body pH should be 7.35-7.45 or problems will occur.will occur.
• Acids and bases combine to form salts and Acids and bases combine to form salts and water.water.
• Acids buffer bases - bases buffer acidsAcids buffer bases - bases buffer acids