Chemical Foundations. Rattlebox moth Nature’s Chemical Language.
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Transcript of Chemical Foundations. Rattlebox moth Nature’s Chemical Language.
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Chemical Foundations
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•Rattlebox moth
Nature’s Chemical Language
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•Play many roles – Us– Other organisms– Physical environment
Nature’s Chemical Language
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Elements
• Fundamental forms of matter
• Can’t be broken down further
• 92 occur naturally on Earth
• 25 are essential for life
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Most Common Elements in Living Organisms
• Oxygen
• Hydrogen
• Carbon
• Nitrogen
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Trace Elements
• Additives to food
• Dietary deficiencies
• Essential to health
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What is an Atom?
• Smallest particle that is still an element
• Subatomic particles:– Protons (+)
– Electrons (-)
– Neutrons (no charge)
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Hydrogen Helium
electron
proton
neutron
Examples of Atoms
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Atomic Number
• # of protons• All atoms of an element the same• Atomic # H = 1• Atomic # C = 6
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Mass Numbers
• Mass number (atomic mass)
= Number of protons + number of neutrons
• Carbon: 6 protons + 6 neutrons = 12
• Oxygen: 8 protons + 8 neutrons = 16
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+
+
– –
+
–
2
2
2
Protons
Neutrons
Electrons
Massnumber = 4
+
+
2e–
Electroncloud
Nucleus
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Isotopes
Different #s of neutrons
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Radioisotopes
• Unstable nucleus • Emits energy and particles• Radioactive decay
– fixed rate
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Uses of Radioisotopes
• Radiometric/carbon dating– Ratio of C 14 to C 12
• Tracers• Radiation therapy• Dangers
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Uses of Radioisotopes
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Will Atoms Interact?
Depends on:# and arrangement
of e-
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Electron Shells• Shells hold e-• #s of shells
– Close = lower energy• filled 1st
Hydrogen (H)Atomic number = 1
Electron
Carbon (C)Atomic number = 6
Nitrogen (N)Atomic number = 7
Oxygen (O)Atomic number = 8
Outermost electron shell (can hold 8 electrons)
First electron shell (can hold 2 electrons)
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Electron Vacancies
• Unfilled shells = likely rxn
• H, C, O, N– unfilled outer
shells
CARBON6p+ , 6e-
NITROGEN7p+ , 7e-
HYDROGEN1p+ , 1e-
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Chemical Bonds, Molecules,
& Compounds• Bonds = electron interactions• Form molecules
• Compounds e.g.. - H2O
• Molecules e.g. - O2
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Chemical Formulas
• Symbols
• Glucose is C6H12O6
– 6 carbons
– 12 hydrogens
– 6 oxygens
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Chemical Formulas
• Chemical equation shows rxnReactants ---> Products
• Start and finish with = # of atoms
• HCL + NaOH NaCl + H2O
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Important Types of Bonds
•Ionic Bonds (salt, NaCl)•Covalent Bonds (methane CH3)
•Hydrogen Bonds (water)
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Ionic Bonding
• Atom loses e- -> (+) cation• Atom gains e- -> (-) anion• Difference charge?• Results?
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Formation of NaCl
• Sodium atom (Na) – Outer shell e- ?
• Chlorine atom (Cl) – Outer shell e- ?
• Transfers e-
• Ions together as NaCl
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Formation of NaClTransfer of electron
NaSodium atom
ClChlorine atom Na+
Sodium ion
Cl–
Chloride ion
Sodium chloride (NaCl)
Na Cl ClNa
+ ––
–
Na+
Cl–
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Covalent Bonding
Atoms share e-
•Single covalent
bond
•Double covalent
bond
•Triple covalent bond
Molecular hydrogen
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Polar or Nonpolar Bonds?
• Nonpolar: share electrons equally • Polar: unequal sharing
– Water – Will electrons spend more time with
the nucleus of O or H?
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Hydrogen Bonding
• Polar covalent molecules
• Attraction to oppositely charged atom
Water molecule
Ammonia molecule
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Figure 2.10
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Water
• No net charge
• Oxygen has a slight ______ charge
• Hydrogen has a slight ______ charge
H H
O
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Properties of Water
• Temperature stabilizing– Absorbs more heat
– Evaporation
– Forms crystal-lattice structure
– Wonders of ice!
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Extra Photo 02.11x2
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Properties of Water
• Cohesive – Due to hydrogen bonds
– Increases surface tension
– Vital property to many organisms
• Great solvent
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Figure 2.12
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Figure 2.16
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Properties of Water
• Bonds to hydrophilic substances– Bonds to polar molecules
• Repels hydrophobic ones– Repels nonpolar molecules
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Hydrogen Ions: H+
• Unbound protons
• Biological effects
• Form when water ionizes
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The pH Scale
• Measures H+ concentration of fluid• Log scale (1 = 10X change)
Highest H+ Lowest H+
0---------------------7-------------------14Acidic Neutral Basic
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Examples of pH
• Pure water pH of 7.0
• Acidic– Stomach acid: pH 1.0 - 3.0
– Lemon juice: pH 2.3
• Basic– Seawater: pH 7.8 - 8.3
– Baking soda: pH 9.0
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Acids & Bases
• Acids
– Donate H+ when dissolved in water
– Acidic solutions have pH < 7
• Bases
– Accept H+ when dissolved in water
– Acidic solutions have pH > 7
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Acid Deposition
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Potential problem areasbecause of sensitive soils
Potential problem areas because of air pollution: emissions leading to acid depositionCurrent problem areas(including lakes and rivers)
Areas Affected and Threatened by Acid
Deposition
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Extra Photo 02.18x2
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Figure 2.18
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Acid Rain
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Extra Photo 02.18x1
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Buffer Systems
• Minimize shifts in pH• Partnership between weak acid
and weak base
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Blood pH
• Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate Buffer System
• When blood pH rises, carbonic acid dissociates
to form bicarbonate and H+
H2C03 -----> HC03- + H+
• When blood pH drops, bicarbonate binds H+ to
form carbonic acid
HC03- + H+ -----> H2C03
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Question of the Day
My new laundry detergent proudly
states “phosphate free”, why
should I be interested if my
detergent has phosphate? Should
I continue to buy this detergent?
Is it better? Safer?