Chapter 2: The Biology Underlying Behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission...
25
Chapter 2: The Biology Underlying Behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
-
Upload
thomas-curtis -
Category
Documents
-
view
212 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 2: The Biology Underlying Behavior Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission...
Chapter 2: The Biology Underlying Behavior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Neuron
Nerve cells, the basic elements of the nervous system
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Neuron: Basic Structure
Dendrites– receive messages
from other neurons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Neuron: Structure
Axon– Carries messages
destined for other cells
Myelin Sheath– wrap themselves
around the axon providing a protective coating
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
All-or-none law– Neurons are either on or off
Resting State– Negative electric charge
within the neuron
Action Potential– An electric nerve impulse
that travels through a neuron, changing the cell’s charge from negative to positive
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Synapse– A chemical
connection that bridges the gap between two neurons
Neurotransmitters– Chemicals that
carry messages across the synapse to the dendrite (and sometimes the cell body) of a receiver neuron
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Excitatory messages– A chemical secretion that
makes it more likely that a receiving neuron will fire and an action potential will travel down its axon.
Inhibitory Messages– A chemical secretion that
prevents a receiving neuron from firing
Reuptake– The reabsorption of
neurotransmitters by a terminal button
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Location– Brain, spinal cord,
peripheral nervous system, especially some organs of the parasympathetic nervous system
Effect– Excitatory in brain and
autonomic nervous system; inhibitory elsewhere
Function– Muscle movement;
cognitive functioningAcetylcholine (ACh)
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Glutamate
Location– Brain, spinal cord
Effect– Excitatory
Function– Memory
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Gamma-amino
butyric acid (GABBA)
Location– Brain, spinal cord
Effect– Main inhibitory
neurotransmitter
Function– Eating, aggression, sleeping
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Dopamine
Location– Brain
Effect– Inhibitory or excitatory
Function– Muscle disorders, mental
disorders, Parkinson’s disease
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Serotonin
Location– Brain, spinal cord
Effect– Inhibitory
Function– Sleeping, eating, mood,
pain, depression
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Endorphins
Location– Brain, spinal cord
Effect– Primarily inhibitory, except
in hippocampus
Function– Pain suppression,
pleasurable feelings, appetites, placebos
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central Nervous System (CNS)
Spinal Cord Reflexes Sensory (Afferent) Neurons Motor (Efferent) Neurons Interneurons
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Nervous System
Evolutionary psychology– the branch of psychology
that seeks to identify behavior patterns that are a result of our genetic inheritance from our ancestors
Behavioral genetics– the study of the effects of
heredity on behavior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spying on the Brain
Research Methods Electroencephalogram (EEG) Computerized Axial
Tomography (CAT) Scan Magnetic Resonance Imaging
(MRI) Positron Emission Tomography
(PET) Superconducting Quantum
Interference Device (SQUID) Case Studies Neurological Surgical
Procedures
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Central Core– controls such
basic functions as eating and sleeping
Medulla Pons Reticular
Formation
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cerebellum– controls bodily
balance
Thalamus– relay station for
information concerning senses
Hypothalamus– maintains
homeostasis and produces vital basic behavior
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Limbic System
Controls eating, aggression, and reproduction
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cerebral Cortex– responsible
for the most sophisticated information processing in the brain
Association Areas– Apraxia
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Motor Area– responsible for
voluntary movements of particular parts of the body
Speech areas– Broca’s area
– Wernicke’s area Sensory Area
– somatosensory area
– auditory area
– visual area
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Specialization of the Hemispheres
Hemispheres– two symmetrical left
and right halves of the brain that control the side of the body opposite to their location
Lateralization– the dominance of
one hemisphere of the brain in specific functions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Split Brain Right and left hemispheres Surgically cutting the corpus
callosum Split Brain Patients
– a person who suffers from independent functioning of the two halves of the brain
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
The Endocrine System Endocrine system
– sends messages throughout the nervous system
Hormones– affect the functioning
or growth of other parts of the body
Pituitary gland– the “master gland”
