Chapter 2 Radio This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The...
-
Upload
shanna-anthony -
Category
Documents
-
view
220 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 2 Radio This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The...
Chapter 2 Radio
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:
• Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any
images;• Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.
The ability to communicate one to many using radio signaled the beginning of electronic mass media.- Kaye & Medoff, p. 39
www.ablongman.com/medoffkaye1e Copyright © 2005 Allyn & Bacon
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Hear It Then – Radio History
Electrical Telegraphy - 1835 Distance conquered for first time Wires and expert operators needed
Electrical Telephony - 1876 First direct personal communication
Point-to-Point Electrical Communication Good for land messages Not good for ship to shore messages
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Early Theorists & Experimenters
James Clerk Maxwell Theorized radio waves
Heinrich Hertz Demonstrated radio waves
Guglielmo Marconi First to transmit signal by wireless
Transmitted Morse code across Atlantic
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Experimenters with Voice
Reginald Fessenden First to transmit voice over the air
1906 Christmas Eve programHeard by telegraph operators at sea
Lee DeForest Developed audion tube Clarified and amplified voice
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Radio Becomes a Mass Medium
The idea of “Broadcasting” Receiver sales would bring profit But idea delayed by WWI
First regular broadcasts: 1909 Charles “Doc” Herrold - regular transmissions of music & talk from San Jose
1912 Frank Conrad did the same in Pittsburgh
WWI halted commercial development technology and training advanced
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Radio Becomes a Mass Medium
Commercial broadcast began in 1920 KDKA, Pittsburgh – Westinghouse station
556 stations on air in 1923
19211922192319241925
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
Radio Stations
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Legislation for Radio
The Radio Act of 1912 Licenses for commercial radio
The Radio Act of 1927 Created FRC License in “public interest, convenience, and necessity”
Reissued all earlier licenses The Radio Act of 1934
Permanently added FCC to 1927 act Added television to FCC authority
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Early Radio Networks & Programs
RCA owned NBC (with 2 networks) United Independent Broadcasters Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS) started by Columbia Phonograph Company
Mutual Broadcasting System
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See It Then – Radio Programs Live music dominated the 1920s 1930s - programming variety increased Dramas
Soap OperasEpisodic Dramas
Comedy Quiz Shows Sporting events - baseball & boxing
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Effects of Radio
Attendance at Vaudeville shows declined
Recorded music sales dropped Poor quality High cost
Announcer speech led to softened regional dialects
Late 1930s, radio news gained credibility w/Edward R. Murrow Daily newspapers began closing Radio began newscasts Biltmore Agreement limited wire service news
Radio brings word of WWII
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Radio in the 1940s
WWII offered tax breaks Advertisers turned to radio Paper rations limited print ads
FM radio was held up Government took over radio factories and bandwidth
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Radio in the late 1940s & 50s
Late 1940s and ’50s - Back to music TV took over former radio programs (game shows, sitcoms, dramas, westerns…)
Television takes off after war
Audience moved to TV
Radio reinvents itself with music Rock ‘n’ Roll Top-40
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See It Then – Recorded Music
Began to replace live in 1950s Transistors made radios portable
Stations adopted formats that targeted niche audiences
Rock ‘n’ roll Gave radio new life Term coined by D.J. Alan Freed Led to “Top 40” format radio
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Frequency Modulation (FM) Radio
Invented by Edwin Armstrong Superior sound – More bandwidth Available since the 1940s Several false starts
Assigned frequencies change Early FM receivers made obsolete
Stereo makes FM grow in 1960s Surpassed AM in popularity in 1978
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See It Now – Radio Programs
Music Formats Began to dominate in 1966, esp. on FM
News and Information Primarily on AM All-news News/talk Sports/talk
Non-Commercial National Public Radio
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See It Then – Radio Programs
1970s & 80s Narrowing & shuffling of formats - from country to 3 types of country
National & regional syndication increased
Localism starting to fade Talk radio gained momentum (especially with rescission of Equal Time requirements)
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Telecommunications Act of 1996
Virtually Ended Ownership Limits Stations sold at rapid pace since ’96 Clear Channel owns over 1200
Effects of Telecom. Act of 96 on programming
Radio more formulaic across all markets Voice tracking and automation Single DJ on multiple stations across USA
Radio losing localism
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Competing Technologies, Challenges
Radio challenged by transmission new systems Cable & satellite audio channels XM/Sirius radio Internet radio Podcasting
Wireless Internet 2000s - iPod/mp3 players make personal music collections portable
Low Power FM
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Responses to challenges
Responses Digital Radio
In-band-on-channel - dig & analog channels simulcast, use other channels for $ generation Multiple choices from one station(3 channels in one)
Government supports localism May result in satellite with local content
Your ideas?
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Subscribers to Satellite Radio
28,000 0
360,000
30,000
1,360,000
262,000
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
2002 2003 2004
XM
Serius
Chapter 6 Programming
“By today’s standards, the level of static and generally poor audio quality that characterized these programs would make them unlistenable, but to yesterday’s audience, radio was magic.” - Medoff & Kaye p. 107
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law:• Any public performance or display, including transmission of any image over a network;• Preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or in part, of any images;
• Any rental, lease, or lending of the program.www.ablongman.com/medoffkaye1e Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See it Now – Programs Scheduled
Locally Produced On-site Program Director decides playlist
Local “talent” - DJs in the booth, local news people, talk personalities
Still important, fading element of stations - controversial
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See it Now – Programs Scheduled
Network/Syndicated Stations pay or trade commercial time to networks/syndicators
HUGE trend National/regional production quality AND celebrity
Cheaper, easier, more dependable than local DJs & music
Loss of localism
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
See it Now – Programs Scheduled
Using the program clock Playlist Rotation News or Info Commercials Computer driven, automated, VERY TIGHTLY PROGRAMMED
Often based on research
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Top Radio Station Formats ‘02-’03
1. Country2. AC3. Oldies4. News/Talk5. Religious6. Christian7. Sports8. News9. Talk10. Gospel
11. CHR/Top 4012. Classic Rock13. Rock/AOR14. Spanish15. Classical16. Jazz17. Urban Contemporary18. Diversified19. Educational20. MOR
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Wilmington Radio Stations
89.7 WDVV The Dove - religious 90.5 WWIL gospel 91.3 WHQR NPR .. public/classical/jazz 92.7 WBPL-LP - religious 93.7 WBNE The Bone - .. classic rock 94.1 WKXS Kiss 94.1 - .. urban ac 95.9 W240AS WOTJ-90.7 FBN religious 97.3 WMNX Coast 97.3 urban ac 98.3 WSFM Surf 98.3 .. modern rock 99.9 WKXB B99.9 .. rhythmic oldies 101.3 WWQQ Today's Hottest Country 102.7 WGNI 102.7 GNI .. hot ac 103.7 WBNU The Bone - Shallotte 103.9 WWTB|r.WLTT-106.3 The Big Talker
-
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Wilmington Radio Stations
104.5 WRQR Rock 104.5 .. active rock 106.3 WLTT The Big Talker - .. talk 106.7 WUIN The Penguin .. adult
alternative 107.5 WAZO Z107.5 .. CHR-pop 630 WMFD ESPN .. sports 980 WAAV .. news/talk 1180 WMYT 1340 WLSG .. southern gospel 1410 WVCB .. religious 1470 WVBS|r.WOTJ-90.7 FBN .. religious 1490 WWIL|on FM .. gospel
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Radio StationStaff Functions Now
General Management Leadership, hiring/firing, station construction & maintenance for several stations
Station manager: supervises one station in a group
Sales persons: sell air time to advertisers
Technical Installation, operation & maintenance of broadcast technology, technical compliance
Programming & Production Planning & executing a program schedule aimed to realize management objectives
Schedules blend mix and prerecorded programs
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Radio Production
The “sound chain” Actual sounds are converted into electrical
impulses by microphones. The impulses are transmitted by wire to an
audio console (a. k. a., mixing board). Here, the sound may be modified--for ex.,
made louder or an aspect of it, such as its bass, boosted.
Here, different sounds—music & an announcer's voice—may be mixed.
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
The ProgramDepartment Now
Program director: Responsible for all matter to be aired.
Music director: Screens recordings, decides which will be aired (rotated).
News director: Responsible for the scheduling & production of every news broadcast (newscast)
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
The PromotionDepartment Now
Refers to all actions that aim to prompt either
reception to certain programs or a positive attitude toward the station
Promotions can air on the station or be “pitched” to
other media in the station’s market; are aimed at audience
acquisition maintenance & recycling
are also aimed at persuading advertisers to buy station time; &
strive to boosting employee morale
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
The SalesDepartment Now
General sales manager: Oversees sales dept
Nat’l sales manager: In charge of non-local ad accounts
Local sales manager: In charge of local ad accounts
Traffic manager: Schedules commercials (spots)
General Sales Mgr.
Nat’l Sales Mgr.
Local Sales Mgr.
Traffic Mgr.
Copyright © 2005 by Allyn & Bacon
Other StaffFunctions
Research unit: Interprets and reports ratings data for use by sales dept.
Community relations and marketing: Strives to construct a positive image for the station & to market it to audiences other than advertisers.