Chapter Three: Ethics in Psychological Research. The Need for Ethical Principles.
CHAPTER 2 Ethics in Psychological Research
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Transcript of CHAPTER 2 Ethics in Psychological Research
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CHAPTER 2Ethics in Psychological
ResearchCourse Lecturer: Alla Chavarga
Monday 9:05-10:45am
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If you have not already done so…
• EMAIL ME at [email protected]
Subject: YOUR NAME Psych 3450- TA
Notice: NO CLASS Feb 17th (Holiday) AND Feb 20th (Conversion Day)
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CHAPTER 2Ethics in Psychological Research
• Origins of the APA ethics code and its five general principles
• The role of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) in the research process
• The ethical questions involved when completing research using children and those from special populations
• Describe how the ethics code applies to research that involves the Internet
• Describe the arguments for and against the use of animals in psychological research
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Questionable Practices
• Ethics – a set of standards governing the conduct of a person or the members of a profession
• Watson & Rayner (1920) Little Albert
• Landis (1924) Rat Beheading
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Developing the APA Code of Ethics
• Late 30’s: An empirical approach to forming the code was utilized; the critical incidents technique.
• APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct 2002 (2010 amendments)
• First APA code of ethics 1953 Hobbs committee
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Guidelines for ethical behavior for the practice of research, clinical work, and teaching in psychology
Applies to all of us in the field of psychology
Code contains: 5 general principles 10 standards of practice
http://www.apa.org/ethics/code/index.aspx
Developing the APA Code of Ethics
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APA Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct
General Principles Beneficence and non-maleficence
• Constantly weigh costs & benefits; protect from harm; produce greatest good
Fidelity and responsibility• Be professional; constantly be aware of responsibility to
society Integrity
• Be scrupulously honest Justice
• Always treat people fairly Respect for peoples’ rights and dignity
• Safeguard individual rights; protect rights of privacy and confidentiality
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Research and Publication
• Identify potential risks• Protect participants from physical and
psychological harm• Justify remaining risks• Obtain informed consent• Take care of participants after the study
(debriefing)
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
• Judging benefits and costs: the IRB : In 1974, as part of the National Research Act, the federal government mandated that IRBs be in place for any college or university receiving federal funds for research. (IRB = Institutional Review Board)
• At least five people, including at least one member of the outside community and a minimum of one nonscientist.
• Determines whether the project meets ethical
guidelines• Some research is exempt; expedited; full review• Key factor: degree of risk to subjects
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
• Informed consent and deception in research• Consent: sufficient information to decide whether to
participate
• Deception rationale• Desire to have subjects act naturally
• Milgram (1963) obedience study as an example• Cover story effect of punishment on learning• Real purpose limits of obedience to authority
• No consent needed in some circumstances• some survey, educational, archival, and observational research
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
• Elements of consent• Study’s basic description• Enough information to decide whether to participate
• How long participation will take• May quit at any time• Confidentiality and anonymity ensured• Contact information given (researcher, IRB)• Opportunity to obtain final results of the study• Signatures
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
• Historical example of poor consent• Tuskegee syphilis study• Willowbrook hepatitis study• MK-ULTRA (CIA & LSD)
• Consent with special populations• Children• assent also needed
• Children and other special groups (e.g., prisoners)• Special care to avoid feelings of coercion
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Humans
• Treating participants well• Debriefing• Dehoaxing• Desensitizing• Participant crosstalk• Code allows partial debriefing followed by full report at
completion of the study
• Research ethics and the Internet• Problems with ensuring consent • Problems with conducting effective debriefing
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Ethical Guidelines for Research with Animals• The issue of animal rights
• Using animals in psychological research• Aids both humans and animals• Sometimes there is no alternative (tissue,
simulation/computer model)
• The APA Code for animal research / The Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC)• Justifying the study• Cost-benefit analysis• No plausible alternatives
• Caring for the animals• e.g., expertise with species, upkeep of animal health
• Using animals for educational purposes
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Scientific Fraud
• Plagiarism• Data falsification• Varying degrees (all unethical)• Reasons• Range from individual weakness to societal moral
standards• Publish or perish climate in academia
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Summary
• As psychological researchers, we adhere to a Code of Ethics regarding research with humans and animals.
• The APA code and IRBs help guide our decisions and actions in conducting research ethically, responsibly, and with integrity.
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Lab Prep• Your first experiment: TASK-SWITCHING
“The Myth of Multitasking”• Assumption: A person can switch their attention and
effort between multiple tasks without loss of efficiency (speed and performance).
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Lab Prep• Task-set: effective intention to perform a task;
configuring one's mental state (e.g. attention) to be in accordance with the specific operations demanded by the task.
• Switch cost: The difference in accuracy and performance between a task repeat (A-A) and a task switch (A-B)
• Task-Set Reconfiguration Theory: once the task set is implemented, it stays in a given state of activation of until it has to be changed, such as when a new task is presented. Switch costs arise from an executive control process that reconfigures the cognitive system to implement the relevant task set.
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Lab PrepThings to keep in mind…
• The rationale for studying this phenomenon• Explanation of task-set theory; what would
it predict?• Pay special attention to methodology;
specific details in testing environment• What could be some shortcomings?• Could anything else be responsible for your
results besides your manipulation?