Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 528 -...
Transcript of Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 528 -...
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 528
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 529
ALASKA
PacificOcean
ArcticOcean
Alaska’s NorthSlope
CANADA
UNITEDSTATES
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 2, Page 529
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 19.1
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Arcticfoothills
Arcticcoastal plain
Arctic Ocean
Oil development–
1972 estimate (blue)
Oildevelopment–actual (purple)
Alaska‘sNorth Slope
Trans-Alaskapipeline
Anchorage
Valdez
Canada
Canada
Prudhoe Bay 1002 Area
Northern borderof Brooks Range
ArcticNational WildlifeRefuge (ANWR)
Trans-Alaska pipeline
National Petroleum
Reserve - Alaska(NPRA)
Figure 19.2
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
4
3
2
Wor
ld f
ossi
l fue
l con
sum
ptio
n(b
illio
n to
ns o
f oi
l equ
ival
ent)
1
01950 1960 1970 1980
Year
1990
Oil
Coal
Natural gas
2000 2010
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 19.1 Energy Sources We Use Today
Energy source Description Type of energy Chapter
Crude oil Fossil fuel extracted from ground (liquid) Nonrenewable 19
Natural gas Fossil fuel extracted from ground (gas) Nonrenewable 19
Coal Fossil fuel extracted from ground (solid) Nonrenewable 19
Nuclear energy Energy from atomic nuclei of uranium Nonrenewable 20
Biomass energy Energy stored in plant matter from photosynthesis Renewable 20
Hydropower Energy from running water Renewable 20
Solar energy Energy from sunlight directly Renewable 21
Wind energy Energy from wind Renewable 21
Geothermal energy Earth’s internal heat rising from core Renewable 21
Tidal and wave energy Energy from tidal forces and ocean waves Renewable 21
Fig
ure 19.3
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Coal
Imports
Other inputs
Natural gas
Imports
Other inputs
Export
Export
Oil
Renewables
Prod
uctio
n an
d im
po
rts
Imports
Other inputs
Export
Nuclear
Imports
Export
Electric pow
er
Residential
Com
mercial
Co
nsu
mp
tion
Industrial
Other outputs
and losses
Transportation
Distribute
electricity
Lostenergy
Fig
ure 19.4
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Woody terrestrial
vegetation diesand falls intosw
amp
Organic m
atterfrom
woody land
plants partlydecom
posed by m
icrobesunderaccum
ulatingsedim
ents; kerogen form
s
Coal form
ed from
kerogen
Phytoplankton,
zooplankton, and other m
arine organism
s dieand sink tosea floor
Organic m
atterfrom
soft-bodiedsea life partlydecom
posed bym
icrobes underaccum
ulating sedim
ents; some
carbon bonds broken; kerogen form
s
Therm
ogenic naturalgas form
edfrom
kerogen
Crude oil form
edfrom
kerogen
Ancient sw
amp
Anaerobic conditions
Present day
Heat and pressure
deep undergroundalter kerogen
Ancient ocean
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
TAB
LE 19.2
Natio
ns with the Larg
est Pro
venR
eserves of Fo
ssil Fuels
Oil
(% w
orld reserves)N
atural gas (%
world reserves)
Coal
(% w
orld reserves)
Saudi Arabia, 19.8
Russia, 23.7U
nited States, 28.9
Venezuela, 12.9Iran, 15.8
Russia, 19.0
Iran, 10.3Q
atar, 13.5China, 13.9
Iraq, 8.6Turkm
enistan, 4.3Australia, 9.2
Kuwait, 7.6
Saudi Arabia, 4.2
India, 7.1
United A
rab Em
irates, 7.3U
nited States, 3.7U
kraine, 4.1
Russia, 5.6U
nited Arab
Emirates, 3.4
Kazakhstan, 3.8
Libya, 3.3Venezuela, 3.0
South Africa, 3.7
Kazakhstan, 3.0N
igeria, 2.8Poland, 0.9
Nigeria, 2.8
Algeria, 2.4
Brazil, 0.9
Data from
U.S. Energy Information Adm
inistration; and BP plc. 2010.Statistical review of world energy2010. Canada ranks second in
oil reserves if oil sands are included.
Figure 19.5
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Energy consumptionper capita (metric tonsoil equivalent)
0.0–1.5
3.0–4.54.5–6.0over 6.0
1.5–3.0
The average U.S.citizen uses 7.55tons per year
The average person inthe world uses 1.68 tonsper year
Figure 19.6
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Time
Decreasing moisture
Increasing heat and pressure
Peat Lignite Sub-bituminous
Bituminous Anthracite
Ancient forest
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 19.3 Top Producers and Consumers of Coal
Production (% world production)
Consumption (% world consumption)
China, 39.2 China, 39.1United States, 16.1 United States, 15.5India, 7.8 India, 8.8Australia, 6.0 Germany, 3.7Russia, 4.9 Russia, 3.7
Data are for 2008, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Figure 19.7
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Boiler
Turbine
Cooling loop
Filter
Furnace
Pulverizing mill
Coal bunker
Stack
Ashdisposal
Condenser
Generator
Cooling tower
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 19.4 Top Producers and Consumers ofNatural Gas
Production (% world production)
Consumption (% world consumption)
Russia, 21.3 United States, 21.0
United States, 18.6 Russia, 15.2
Canada, 5.5 Iran, 3.8Iran, 3.7 Japan, 3.2Norway, 3.2 United Kingdom, 3.1
Data are for 2008, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Figure 19.8
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Figure 19.9
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
TABLE 19.5 Top Producers and Consumers of Oil
Production (% world production)
Consumption (% world consumption)
Russia, 11.8 United States, 22.3Saudi Arabia, 11.6 China, 9.8United States, 10.8 Japan, 5.2Iran, 5.0 India, 3.6China, 4.7 Russia, 3.4
Data are for 2009, from U.S. Energy Information Administration.
Fig
ure 19.10
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Oil rig
Oil w
ell
Ocean floor
Ocean floor
Gas cap
Imperm
eablerock
Imperm
eablerock
Oil in pores
of rocks
Oil in pores
of rocks
(a) Primary extractio
n o
f oil
(b) Seco
nd
ary extraction
of o
il
Oil rig
Gas cap
Gas
injectionSeaw
aterinjection
PressurePressure
Oil w
ell
Fig
ure 19.10a
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Oil rig
Oil w
ell
Ocean floor
Gas cap
Imperm
eablerock
Oil in pores
of rocks
(a) Primary extractio
n o
f oil
Fig
ure 19.10b
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Ocean floor
Imperm
eablerock
Oil in pores
of rocks
(b) Seco
nd
ary extraction
of o
il Oil rig
Gas cap
Gas
injectionSeaw
aterinjection
PressurePressure
Oil w
ell
Figure 19.11
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b) Distillation process
(a) Distillation columns
(c) Typical composition of refined oil
Boiling temp.
Distillationcolumn
Product
Less than 5ºCButane
20-180ºCNaphtha
20-200ºCGasoline
180-260ºCKerosene
Crude oil
BoilerResidue
260-340ºCDiesel
300-370ºCLubricating oil
370-600ºCFuel oil
Gasoline (46.2%)
Diesel fuel andheating oil (20.3%)
Heavy fuel oil (3.2%)
Jet fuel (7.8%)
Liquefied petroleumgases (10.0%)
Other (12.5%)
Fig
ure 19.11a
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(a) Distillatio
n co
lum
ns
Fig
ure 19.11b
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(b) D
istillation
pro
cess
Bo
iling
temp
.
Distillationcolum
n
Prod
uct
Less than 5ºCButane
20-180ºCN
aphtha
20-200ºCG
asoline
180-260ºCK
eroseneC
rude oil
BoilerResidue
260-340ºCD
iesel
300-370ºCLubricating oil
370-600ºCFuel oil
Fig
ure 19.11c
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
(c) Typical co
mp
ositio
n o
f refined
oil
Gasoline (46.2%
)
Diesel fuel and
heating oil (20.3%)
Heavy fuel oil (3.2%
)
Jet fuel (7.8%)
Liquefied petroleumgases (10.0%
)
Other (12.5%
)
Figure 19.12
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cosmetics,medicines,lotions,and soap
Plasticwastebasket
Detergents,cleaning supplies
Nylon andpolyesterclothing
Light switch Pesticidesandfertilizers
Asphalt
Toilet seat
Shoes withsynthetic soles
Plastic storagebox
Vinyl and plasticlaminate furniture
Polypropylenecoat
CDs and DVDs Linoleumflooring
Componentsin TV and stereo
Home heating oilto heat house
Blender and othersmall appliances
Components ofstove and otherlarge appliances
Toothbrush
Showercurtain
Plasticlampshade
ContainersTires, upholstery,and automobilecomponents
Showerhead
Plastic pictureframe
Bicyclecomponents Gasoline
Paraffin waxeson fruit, candy,and other food
Plastic cupsand dishware
Nonstick coatingon cookware
Fig
ure 19.13
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Billions of barrels/year
1850
432101900
Oil production
(red area) 52.4billion barrels
Know
n oilreserves (orangearea) 30 billionbarrels
Actual U
.S.oil production
Hubbert’s prediction
assuming a total of
150 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)
Hubbert’s prediction
assuming a total of
200 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)
1950
Year
20002050
(a) Hu
bb
ert’s pred
iction
of p
eak in U
.S. oil p
rod
uctio
n, w
ith actu
al data
(b) M
od
ern p
redictio
n o
f peak in
glo
bal o
il pro
du
ction
Billion barrels per year
19301940
19501960
19701980
19902000
20102020
20302040
20500 5 10 15 20 25 30
Year
Polar oilD
eep-water oil
Heavy oil
Middle East
Other
RussiaEuropeLow
er 48U
.S. states
Figure 19.13a
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Billi
ons
of b
arre
ls/y
ear
1850
4
3
2
1
01900
Oil production(red area) 52.4billion barrels
Known oilreserves (orangearea) 30 billionbarrels
Actual U.S.oil production
Hubbert’s predictionassuming a total of150 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)
Hubbert’s predictionassuming a total of200 billion barrels ofdiscoverable oil(total area under curve)
1950
Year
2000 2050
(a) Hubbert’s prediction of peak in U.S. oil production, with actual data
Figure 19.13b
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
(b) Modern prediction of peak in global oil production
Billi
on b
arre
ls p
er y
ear
1930 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 20500
5
10
15
20
25
30
Year
Polar oilDeep-water oilHeavy oilMiddle EastOtherRussiaEuropeLower 48U.S. states
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Ch
apter 19, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure, P
age 542
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Vibrationsource
Receivers
Refraction paths(blue)
Less denselayer (sound travels more slowly)
More denselayer (sound travels more quickly)
Reflection paths(red)
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 543
Ch
apter 19, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure 2, P
age 543
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Billion barrels of oil,estim
ated
50
1015
2025
3035
Total oil
Technicallyrecoverable oil
Economically
recoverable oil(at $40/barrel)
Fig
ure 19.14
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Figure 19.15
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Total
CoalOil
Natural gas
Billi
on m
etric
ton
s of
car
bon/
year
Year1800 1850 1900 1950 2000
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Figure 19.16
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
CO2
CO2
CO2
CO2
Deep salineaquifer
Power plant(emitting CO2)
Refinery
Oil or gasreservoir
Abandonedcoal seam
Figure 19.17
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Ch
apter 19, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure, P
age 548
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Clean
ing
o
iledb
eaches
Oiled
bro
wn
pelican
Oil slicks
on
surface
... where it fo
uled b
eaches, killed
countless anim
als, and d
evastated
fisheries and to
urism.
Thousand
s of p
eop
le threw them
selves into the
cleanup effo
rt, but the sp
ill’s imp
acts will last fo
r years.
YO
U C
AN
MA
KE
A D
IFFER
EN
CE
Urg
e po
licymakers to
strengthen reg
ulations o
no
ffshore d
rilling.
Vo
lunteer for cleanup
s of
oil sp
ills in your reg
ion.
Limit yo
ur ow
n oil
consum
ptio
n by d
rivingless, d
riving a fuel-efficient
car, eating lo
cal foo
ds,
reusing and
recyclingp
rod
ucts, and sup
po
rtingrenew
able energ
y.
The
Deep
water
Horizon sp
ill
disg
org
ed
over 200
millio
n of
gallo
ns of o
il
into the G
ulf
of M
exico ...
Figure 19.18
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure, Page 550
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Figure 1, Page 551
0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6
Distance from road (km)
Cha
nge
in t
ime
spen
t in
are
a
-80%
80%
-40%
40%0%
-120%
120%160%200%240%
CalvesAll caribou
Ch
apter 19, U
nn
um
bered
Fig
ure 2, P
age 551
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Alaska
Yukon
YukonA
laska
N.W
.T.
Prudhoe Bay
Area w
ithm
ost oil1002 A
rea
Arctic
National W
ildlifeRefuge (A
NW
R)M
ain calvin
g g
rou
nd
s of
Porcu
pin
e Carib
ou
Herd
Ran
ge o
f the Po
rcup
ine
Carib
ou
Herd
Cen
tral Arctic
Herd
calving
gro
un
ds
Figure 19.19
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
ProductionConsumption
5
0
10
15
20M
illio
n ba
rrel
s of
oil
per
day
Japan
German
yUnite
d
States
Iran
Saudi
Arabia
Figure 19.20
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
130
140
120
110
0
Year1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010
Cru
de o
il pr
ices
(U.S
. dol
lars
per
bar
rel)
OPEC oil embargo
Iranianrevolution
Gulf War
U.S. invades Iraq
Recession
HurricanesKatrina
&Rita
Dollar value in 2006Dollar value of the day
Figure 19.21
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
AsiaPacific
42
103
27
28
179
48
110
23027
48MiddleEast
Africa
Australia
South andCentralAmerica
United States
Mexico
Canada Eurasia
122
61
28
116
79
28
21
36
20
49106
87
28
348
81
3422
Figure 19.22
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Solutions
As you progress through this chapter, try to identify as many solutions to our reliance on and depletion of fossil fuels as you can. What could you personally do to help address this issue? Consider how each action or solution might affect items in the concept map above.
Causes Consequences
Low prices
Social disruption
Health impacts
Economic loss
Pollution of air,water, soil
Economicdepression
Attempt to shiftquickly to renewable
energy sources
End to globalization; societies become
localized
Reliance onfossil fuels
Depletion offossil fuels
Degradation ofecosystems
Governmentsubsidies
Human populationgrowth Limited non-
renewable supplies
Poor fuel efficiencyin autos
More uses(plastics, etc.)
Failure todevelop otherenergy sources
Growthin per capitaconsumption
More powerfulextraction
technologies
Economic andpolitical vulnerability
Extraction impacts
if this fails,then...
Global climatechange
Greenhouse gasemissions
Figure 19.23
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
30
25Cars
Ave
rage
fue
l eff
icie
ncy
(mile
s pe
r ga
llon)
Trucks
Both cars and trucks20
15
101970 1975 1980 1985
Model year
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010
Figure 19.24
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Projected U.S.consumption
Arctic Refuge:7.7 billion barrels
over 50 years
20000
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
2010 2020Year
2030 2040 2050
Bill
ion
barr
els
per
year
Figure 19.25
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Gasoline-powered engine
1
Generator2
Electric motor3Power splitdevice
4 5 Batteries Fuel tank6
Fig
ure 19.26
Environm
ent: The S
cience behind the Stories, 4e —
Withgott/B
rennan©
2011 Pearson E
ducation, Inc.
Environment: The Science behind the Stories, 4e — Withgott/Brennan© 2011 Pearson Education, Inc.
Chapter 19, Unnumbered Table, Page 560
Hectares of land forfuel production H
You 1,811
Your classYour stateUnited States