Chapter 19 Lecture PowerPoint
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Chapter 19 Reproductive Systems
Holes Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth EditionShier w Butler w Lewis Chapter 19 Reproductive Systems Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. 19.1: Introduction Male and female reproductive systems are connected by a series of organs and glands that produce and nurture sex cells and transport them to sites of fertilization Male sex cells are sperm Female sex cells are eggs or oocytes Sex cells are produced by a special type of division called meiosis Meiosis includes two successive divisions , called the first (meiosis I) and second (meiosis II) meiotic divisions independent chromosome)
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Second meiotic division First meiotic division (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) Paired homologous chromosomes (46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome) First Meiotic Division
Meiosis I separates homologous(the same, gene for gene) pairs They may not be identical because a gene may have variants There are four phases in this division Prophase I Metaphase I Anaphase I Telophase I Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) Second Meiotic Division
Meiosis II begins after telophase I This division is similar to mitosis There are four phases in this division: Prophase II Metaphase II Anaphase II Telophase II This division completes with each sex cell having one set of genetic instructions, or 23 chromosomes (compared to two sets (46 chromosomes) in other cells) Result of crossing over
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Parent cell Paternal chromatids Gene for blood type Gene for eye color Maternal chromatids Gene for hair color Result of crossing over 19.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Urinary bladder Large intestine Superior pubic ramus (cut) Seminal vesicle Ductus (vas) deferens Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Urethra Corpus cavernosum Urogenital diaphragm Corpus spongiosum Penis Anus Epididymis Glans penis Testis Prepuce Scrotum (a) Testes Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Bulb of penis Ductus (vas) deferens Root of penis Crus of penis Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Body of penis Glans penis (b) Descent of the Testes Abdominal wall Testis Lower abdominal cavity
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Abdominal wall Testis Lower abdominal cavity Rectum Gubernaculum Developing penis Symphysis pubis (a) Peritoneum Testis Vaginal process (cavity) Inguinal canal Gubernaculum (b) Ductus deferens Tunica vaginalis Spermatic cord Scrotum Testis Gubernaculum (c) Structure of the Testes
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Epididymis Ductus deferens Basement membrane Rete testis Spermatogenic cells Spermatogonia Plane of section Seminiferous tubule (a) Sperm cells Tunica albuginea Lumen of seminiferous tubule Interstitial cells (cells of Leydig) Testis Basement membrane Seminiferous tubules Interstitial cells (Cells of Leydig) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Sperm cells Spermatogonia (b) Formation of Sperm Cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Secondary spermatocyte Second meiotic division Spermatids Sperm cells First meiotic division Paired homologous chromosomes Primary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (23 chromosomes, each chromatid now an independent chromosome) Formation of Sperm Cells
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Changes in chromosome structure Lumen of seminiferous tubule Spermatozoa (Sperm cells, 23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid perchromosome) Sustentacular cells Spermatid (23 chromosomes, 1 chromatid per chromosome) Nucleus of sustentacular cell Secondary spermatocyte (23 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome) Developmental sequence Meiosis II Primary spermatocyte (46 chromosomes, 2 chromatids per chromosome) Wall of seminiferous tubule Meiosis I Tight junction between sustentacular cells (blood-testis barrier) Daughter cell in late interphase ( Type B Spermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome) Spermatogonium mitosis Daughter cell in late interphase (New type Aspermatogonium, 46 chromosomes 2 chromatids per chromosome) Basement membrane Structure of a Sperm Cell
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Nucleus Flagellum Mitochondria Golgi apparatus Excess cytoplasm Excess cytoplasm and most organelles lost Tail Mitochondria Centriole Midpiece Head Acrosome (a) Acrosome Head Nucleus Midpiece (with mitochondria) Brand X Pictures/CORBIS Tail (b) Male Internal Accessory Organs
The male internal accessory organs include: Epididymides Ductus deferentia Seminal vesicles Prostate gland Bulbourethral glands Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Bulbourethral gland Bulb of penis Ductus (vas) deferens Root of penis Crus of penis Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Body of penis Glans penis (b) Epididymides Tightly coiled tubes Connected to ducts within the testis
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Tightly coiled tubes Connected to ducts within the testis Promote maturation of sperm cells Epithelial cells Nonmotile cilia Sperm cells Image Source The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer
Ductus Deferentia Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Are muscular tubes About 45 centimeters each Extends from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct Lumen Epithelium Smooth muscle (a) Sperm in lumen of ductus deferens Pseudostratified colum- nar epithelium Smooth muscle (b) The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Seminal Vesicles Attached to the vas deferens near base of the urinary bladder Secrete alkaline fluid Secrete fructose and prostaglandins Contents empty into the ejaculatory duct Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland Prostate gland Bulb of penis Root of penis Ductus (vas) deferens Crus of penis Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Body of penis Glans penis (b) Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold
Prostate Gland Surrounds the proximal portion of the urethra The ducts of the gland open into the urethra Secretes a thin, milky, alkaline fluid Secretion enhances fluid mobility Composed of tubular glands in connective tissue Also contains smooth muscle Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Secretory cells of the prostate gland Smooth muscle Lumen of urethra Manfred Kage/Peter Arnold Bulbourethral Glands Inferior to the prostate gland
Secrete mucus-like fluid Fluid released in response to sexual stimulation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Urinary bladder Ampulla Seminal vesicle Ejaculatory duct Bulbourethral gland Prostate gland Bulb of penis Root of penis Ductus (vas) deferens Crus of penis Epididymis Testis Penis Urethra Body of penis Glans penis (b) Semen The fluid the urethra conveys to the outside during ejaculation is called semen Semen consists of: Sperm cells Secretions of the seminal vesicles, prostate gland, and bulbourethral glands It is slightly alkaline Contains prostaglandins Contains nutrients Volume is 2-5 milliliters of semen per ejaculation Average 120 million sperm cells per milliliterof semen Male External Reproductive Organs
Includes the: Scrotum two testes Penis Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ureter Urinary bladder Large intestine Superior pubic ramus (cut) Seminal vesicle Ductus (vas) deferens Ejaculatory duct Prostate gland Urethra Bulbourethral gland Corpus cavernosum Urogenital diaphragm Corpus spongiosum Penis Anus Glans penis Epididymis Testis Prepuce Scrotum (a) Scrotum Pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue
Dartos muscle smooth muscle in subcutaneous tissue; contracts to cause wrinkling of the scrotum Medial septum divides the scrotum into two chambers Each chamber is lined with a serous membrane Each chamber houses a testis and epididymis Penis Conveys urine and semen
Specialized to become erect for insertion into the vagina Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superficial dorsal vein Deep dorsal vein Dorsal nerve Dorsal artery Deep artery Corpora cavernosa Tunica albuginea Skin Urethra Subcutaneous tissue Corpus spongiosum Connective tissue (fascia) Prepuce External urethral orifice Glans penis (a) (b) Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
The erection: Parasympathetic nerve impulses Blood accumulates in the erectile tissues The orgasm: Culmination of sexual stimulation Accompanied by emission and ejaculation The ejaculation: Emission is the movement of semen into the urethra Ejaculation is the movement of semen out of the urethra This is largely dependent on sympathetic nerve impulses Erection, Orgasm, and Ejaculation
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sexual stimulation Culmination of intense sexual stimulation Parasympathetic neurons release nitric oxide, causing dilation of small arteries to penis Veins are compressed, reducing blood flow away from penis Sympathetic impulses contract smooth muscle Peristaltic contractions in testicular ducts, epididymides, ductus deferentia, and ejaculatory ducts Rhythmic contractions in erectile columns of penis Rhythmic contractions in bulbourethral glands, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles Blood accumulates in the vascular spaces within erectile tissues of penis Emissionsemen moves into urethra Penis swells and becomes erect Ejaculationsemen is forcefully expelled from urethra 19.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions
Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the testes control male reproductive functions Hormones initiate and maintain sperm cell production and oversee the development and maintenance of male sex characteristics Hypothalamic and Pituitary Hormones
The hypothalamus controls maturation of sperm cells and development of male secondary sex characteristics Negative feedback among the hypothalamus, the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland, and the testes controls the concentration of testosterone Male Sex Hormones The male sex hormones are called androgens
Interstitial cells in the testes produce most of them, but small amounts are made in the adrenal cortex Testosterone is the most important Actions of Testosterone
Increased growth of body hair Sometimes decreased growth of scalp hair Enlargement of the larynx and thickening of the vocal cords Thickening of the skin Increased muscular growth Thickening and strengthening of the skeletal bones Regulation of Male Sex Hormones
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus GnRH + Androgens prevent oversecretion of GnRH Pituitary gland Androgens prevent over- secretion of LH Inhibin prevents oversecretion of FSH FSH LH Androgens stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics and maturation of sperm cells Bloodstream FSH stimulates meiosis in primary spermatocytes to form immature sperm cells; FSH stimulates secretion of inhibin by supporting cells Inhibin Testosterone and other androgens Release into bloodstream + Stimulation LH stimulates interstitial cells to secrete androgens (primarily testosterone) + Inhibition T estes 19.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fimbriae Rectouterine pouch Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Fornix Urinary bladder Symphysis pubis External os of Cervix Urethra Rectum Glans of Clitoris Vagina Labium minus Anus Labium majus Vaginal orifice (a) 19.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Level of section Coccyx Inferior gluteal vein and artery Gluteus maximus m. Sciatic nerve Rectum Femur Levator ani m. Ureter Uterus Ischium Urinary bladder Femoral nerve, artery, and vein Symphysis pubis Anterior (b) Ovarian Attachments Several ligaments hold each ovary in position
The largest is called the broad ligament and is attached to the uterine tubes and uterus The suspensory ligament holds the ovary at the upper end The ovarian ligament is a rounded, cord-like thickening of the broad ligament Ovaries Suspensory ligament of ovary Fimbriae of uterine tube
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Suspensory ligament of ovary Fimbriae of uterine tube Uterine tube (retracted) Ovarian ligament Left ovary Round ligament of uterus Broad ligament Uterus Ovarian Descent Like the testes in the male fetus, the ovaries develop from masses of tissue posterior to the parietal peritoneum, near the developing kidney They descend to locations just inferior to the pelvic brim where they remain attached to the lateral pelvic wall Ovary Structure The tissues of an ovary can be divided into an inner medulla and an outer cortex The ovarian medulla is mostly composed of loose connective tissue and contains many blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerve fibers The ovarian cortex consists of more compact tissue and has a granular appearance due to tiny masses of cells called ovarian follicles Primordial Follicles During prenatal development of a female, oogonia divide by mitosis to produce more oogonia The oogonia develop into primary oocytes Each primary oocyte is closely surrounded by a layer of flattened epithelial cells called follicular cells, forming a primordial follicle Oogenesis The process of egg cell formation Zygote
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Zygote 46 chromosomes, 23 from sperm cell and 23 from egg cell(each chromatid now an independentchromosome) Secondary oocyte Second meiotic division Fertilization First meiotic division Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) Primary oocyte Sperm nucleus Sperm cell (23 chromosomes) Second polar body degenerating (46 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) (b) Courtesy of R.J. Blandau (a) First polar body (23 chromosomes, each with 2 chromatids) First polar body degenerating Second meiotic division Polar bodies degenerating Follicle Maturation At puberty, the anterior pituitary gland secretes increased amounts of FSH, and the ovaries enlarge in response With each reproductive cycle, some of the primordial follicles mature Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Theca externa Theca interna Primordial follicles Granulosa cells Fluid-filled antrum Corona radiata Zona pellucida Primary oocyte Secondary oocyte Maturing follicle (a) (b) b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer Follicle Maturation As many as twenty primary follicles may begin maturing at any one time One dominant follicle usually out-grows the others Typically only the dominant follicle fully develops and the others degenerate Ovulation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. As a follicle matures, its primary oocyte undergoes meiosis I, giving rise to a secondary oocyte and a first polar body The process of ovulation releases these cells from thefollicle Uterine tube Secondary oocyte Ovary 2007 Landrum B. Shettles Ovulation Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Ovulation Time Uterine tube
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Corpus albicans Corpus luteum Ovulation Time Uterine tube Time Secondary oocyte Primordial follicle Zona pellucida Primary follicle Time Ovary Time Corona radiata Follicular cells Time Primary oocyte First polar body Follicular fluid Female Internal Accessory Organs
The female internal accessory organs include: Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fimbriae Rectouterine pouch Uterine tube Ovary Uterus Fornix Urinary bladder Symphysis pubis External os of Cervix Urethra Rectum Glans of Clitoris Vagina Labium minus Anus Labium majus Vaginal orifice (a) Uterine Tubes Suspensory ligament with ovarian blood
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Suspensory ligament with ovarian blood vessels and nerves Uterine tube Ovary Ovarian ligament Body of uterus Infundibulum Round ligament Fimbriae Secondary oocyte Broad ligament Follicle Endometrium Myometrium Uterine blood vessels Perimetrium Ureter Cervix Cervical orifice Vagina Uterine Tubes Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Basement membrane Connective
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Cilia Cytoplasm Nucleus Basement membrane Connective tissue layer (a) (b) a: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Al Telser, photographer; b: Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited Anatomy, Iowa State University
Uterine Wall Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Lumen Endometrium Myometrium Perimetrium McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Carol D. Jacobson, PhD., Dept. of Veterinary Anatomy, Iowa State University Vagina A fibromuscular tube that conveys uterine secretions, receives the penis during intercourse, and provides an open channel for offspring Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glans of Clitoris Mons pubis Labium majus Urethral orifice Vestibule Vaginal orifice Labium minus Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus Female External Reproductive Organs
The female external reproductive organs surround the openings of the urethra and vagina and is known as the vulva, and include: Labia majora Labia minora Clitoris Vestibular glands Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Glans of Clitoris Mons pubis Labium majus Urethral orifice Vestibule Vaginal orifice Labium minus Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus Labia Majora Rounded folds of adipose tissue and skin
Enclose and protect the other external reproductive parts Ends form a rounded elevation over the symphysis pubis Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Clitoris Mons pubis Urethral orifice Labium majus V estibule Labium minus Vaginal orifice Opening of vestibular gland Perineum Anus Labia Minora Flattened, longitudinal folds between the labia majora
Well supplied with blood vessels Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Clitoris Mons pubis V estibule Perineum Anus Urethral orifice Vaginal Labium majus minus Opening of vestibular gland Clitoris Glans of clitoris is the small projection at the anterior end of the vulva Analogous to the male penis Composed of two columns of erectile tissue Root is attached to the sides of the pubic arch Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Clitoris Mons pubis V estibule Perineum Anus Urethral orifice Vaginal Labium majus minus Opening of vestibular gland Vestibule Space between the labia minora that encloses the vaginal and the urethral openings The vestibular glands secrete mucus into the vestibule during sexual stimulation Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Clitoris Mons pubis V estibule Perineum Anus Urethral orifice Vaginal Labium majus minus Opening of vestibular gland Erection, Orgasm, Ejaculation
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sexual stimulation Arteries in the erectile tissue dilate; vagina expands and elongates Parasympathetic nerve impulses from the sacral portion of the spinal cord Sexual stimulation intensifies Vestibular glands secrete mucus to lubricate Orgasm-rhythmic contraction of muscles of the perineum; muscular walls of uterus and uterine tubes contract Engorged and swollen vagina increases friction from movement of the penis 19.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions
Hormones secreted by the hypothalamus, the anterior pituitary gland, and the ovaries control development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics, maturation of female sex cells, and changes during the monthly reproductive cycle Female Sex Hormones + + Hypothalamus GnRH Pituitary gland
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Hypothalamus + GnRH Pituitary gland Estrogens inhibit oversecretion of gonadotropins FSH, LH (gonadotropins) Increased vascularization of the skin Breasts develop Accessory reproductive organs enlarge Bloodstream Stimulates endometrium of uterus to thicken Increased deposition of adipose tissue in breasts, thighs, and buttocks Gonadotropins + Estrogens Release into bloodstream Ovaries Stimulation Inhibition Female Reproductive Cycle Ovarian activity Plasma hormonal concentration LH FSH FSH LH
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Ovarian activity Plasma hormonal concentration LH FSH FSH LH Regressive corpus luteum Early corpus luteum Developing follicle Mature follicle Ovarian events Corpus albicans Follicular phase Ovulation Luteal phase Days 1 7 14 21 28 Uterine activity Estrogens Plasma hormonal concentration Progesterone Progesterone Estrogens Thickness of endometrium Days 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 1 3 Menstruation Proliferative phase Secretory phase Menstruation Menopause Usually occurs in the late 40s or the early 50s
The reproductive cycles stop The ovaries no longer produce as much estrogens and progesterone as previously Some female secondary sex characteristics may disappear It may produce hot flashes and fatigue Migraine headaches, backaches and fatigue is possible Hormone therapy may prevent effects on bone tissue 19.6: Mammary Glands The mammary glands are accessory organs of the female reproductive system specialized to secrete milk following pregnancy Location of the Glands Located in the subcutaneous tissue of the anterior thorax within the breasts Composed of lobes Estrogens stimulate breast development in females Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Clavicle Rib Adipose tissue Alveolar glands Intercostal muscles Lactiferous duct Pectoralis major m. Areola Nipple Pectoralis minor m. Ampulla Alveolar duct Alveolar duct (a) (b) Structure of the Glands
A mammary gland is composed of fifteen to twenty irregularly shaped lobes Each lobe contains glands (alveolar glands), drained by alveolar ducts, which drain into a lactiferous duct that leads to the nipple and opens to the outside Dense strands of connective tissue form suspensory ligaments that support the breast Development of the Breasts
The mammary glands of males and females are similar As puberty is reached, ovarian hormones stimulate development of the glands in females 19.7: Birth Control Birth control is the voluntary regulation of the number of offspring produced and the time they are conceived This control requires a method of contraception Coitus Interruptus The practice of withdrawing the penis from the vagina before ejaculation, preventing entry of sperm cells into the female reproductive tract Rhythm Method Requires abstinence from sexual intercourse two days before and one day after ovulation Mechanical Barriers Mechanical barriers include the use of a: Condom
Diaphragm Cervical cap Spermicidal foams or jellies Chemical Barriers Chemical barriers include: Spermicides Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) a,b: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer; c: Photolink/Getty Images; d: Don Farrall/Getty Images; e: The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc./Jill Braaten, photographer Combined Hormone Contraceptives
These deliver estrogen and progesterone to prevent pregnancy Various methods are used to deliver hormones including: A flexible chemical ring (Nuvaring) A plastic patch (Ortho Evra) The pill orally (Similar to these combined hormones is the minipill which contains only progestin) Injectable Contraception
An intramuscular injection of Depo-Provera protects against pregnancy for three months by preventing maturation and release of a secondary oocyte Intrauterine Devices An intrauterine device, or IUD, is a small, solid object that a physician places in the uterine cavity An IUD interferes with implantation of a blastocyst Surgical Methods Path of egg Path of sperm Ovary Uterus
Copyright The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Path of egg Cut and ligated uterine tubes Path of sperm Ovary Uterus Cut and ligated ductus (vas) deferens Cervix Scrotum V agina (a) (b) 19.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases
These are silent infections Most are bacterial and can be cured Herpes, warts, and AIDS are viral and cannot be cured Many cause infertility AIDS causes death Symptoms of STDs include: Burning sensation during urination Pain in the lower abdomen Fever or swollen glands Discharge from the vagina or the penis Pain, itch, or inflammation in the genital or the anal area Sores, blisters, bumps or rashes Itchy, runny eyes Important Points in Chapter 19: Outcomes to be Assessed
19.1: Introduction State the general functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Outline the process of meiosis and explain how it mixes up parental genes. 19.2: Organs of the Male Reproductive System Describe the function(s) of each part of the male reproductive system. Outline the process of spermatogenesis. Describe semen production and exit from the body. Describe the structure of the penis, and explain how its parts produce an erection. Important Points in Chapter 19: Outcomes to be Assessed
19.3: Hormonal Control of Male Reproductive Functions Explain how hormones control the activities of the male reproductive organs and the development of male secondary sex characteristics. 19.4: Organs of the Female Reproductive System Describe the function(s) of each part of the female reproductive system. Outline the process of oogenesis. 19.5: Hormonal Control of Female Reproductive Functions Explain how hormones control the activities of the female reproductive organs and the development of female secondary sex characteristics. Important Points in Chapter 19: Outcomes to be Assessed
Describe the major events that occur during a reproductive cycle. 19.6: Mammary Glands Review the structure of the mammary glands. 19.7: Birth Control Describe several methods of birth control, including the relative effectiveness of each method. 19.8: Sexually Transmitted Diseases List the general symptoms of sexually transmitted diseases.