Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
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Transcript of Chapter 19: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
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Chapter 19:
Cardiovascular System:
Blood Vessels
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Étienne-Jules Marey – french physiologist born in 1830 credited with the invention of the sphymanograph (which has evolved into the sphymanometer (blood pressure cuff) used today.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.1: Generalized structure of arteries, veins, and capillaries, p. 715.
(a)
(b)
Tunica intima• Endothelium• Subendothelial layer
Tunica media
Tunica externa
Artery VeinLumen Lumen
Internal elasticlamina
External elasticlamina
Valve
Artery Vein
Endothelial cells
Capillarynetwork
Capillary
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.2: Overview of vascular components and blood distribution, p. 717.
Pulmonary bloodvessels 12%
Capillaries 5%
Systemic arteriesand arterioles 15% Systemic veins
and venules 60%
Lymphaticcapillary
Precapillarysphincter
Metarteriole
Terminalarteriole
Arterioles(resistancevessels)
Arteriovenousanastomosis
Postcapillaryvenule
Sinusoid
Capillaries(exchangevessels)
Thoroughfarechannel
Venoussystem
Largeveins
Largelymphaticvessels
Smallveins
Arterialsystem
Lymphnode
Lymphaticsystem
Muscular arteries(distributingvessels)
Elastic arteries(conductingvessels)
Heart
Heart 8%
(a)
(b)
Cap
aci
tan
ce v
ess
els
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.4: Anatomy of a capillary bed, p. 721.
Precapillary sphincters
Terminalarteriole
Sphincters open
Postcapillaryvenule
Metarteriole
Vascular shunt
Truecapillaries
Terminalarteriole
Sphincters closed
Postcapillaryvenule
Thoroughfarechannel
(a)
(b)
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.5: Blood pressure in various blood vessels of the systemic circulation, p. 725.
Systolic pressure
Mean pressure
Diastolic pressure
Blo
od
pre
ssu
re (
mm
Hg
)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Ao
rta
Art
erie
s
Art
erio
les
Cap
illar
ies
Ven
ule
s
Vei
ns
Ven
ae c
avae
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.3: Capillary structure, p. 720.
Pericyte
Red blood cell in lumen
IntercellularcleftEndothelialcell
Endothelialnucleus
Tight junction
Basementmembrane
Pinocytoticvesicles
Pericyte
Red blood cell in lumen
Intercellularcleft
Fenestra-tions (pores)
Endothelialcell
Endothelialnucleus
Basement membraneTight junction
Pinocytoticvesicles
Nucleus of endothelial cell
Pericyte
Red blood cell in lumen
Endothelialcell
Large intercellularcleft
Tight junctionIncompletebasementmembrane
(a) (b)
(c)
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.6: The muscular pump, p. 726.
Valve (open)
Contracted skeletalmuscle
Valve (closed)
Vein
Direction ofblood flow
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.8a: Baroreceptor reflexes that help maintain blood pressure homeostasis, p. 728.
Stimulus:Rising bloodpressure
Homeostasis: Blood pressure in normal range
Baroreceptorsin carotidsinuses andaortic archstimulated
Arterialblood pressurerises abovenormal range
Impulse traveling alongafferent nerves frombaroreceptors:Stimulate cardio-inhibitory center(and inhibit cardio-acceleratory center)
Rate of vasomotorimpulses allowsvasodilation( vessel diameter)
Sympatheticimpulses toheart( HR and contractility)
R
CO
CO and Rreturn bloodpressure tohomeostaticrange
Inhibitvasomotor center
Imbalance
Imbalance
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.8b: Baroreceptor reflexes that help maintain blood pressure homeostasis, p. 728.
Vasomotorfibersstimulatevasoconstriction
Stimulatevasomotorcenter
CO and Rreturn bloodpressure toHomeostaticrange
Peripheralresistance (R)
Cardiacoutput(CO) Sympathetic
impulses to heart( HR and contractility)
Impulses frombaroreceptors:Stimulate cardio-acceleratory center(and inhibit cardio-inhibitory center)
Stimulus:Decliningblood pressure
Arterial blood pressurefalls below normal range
Baroreceptors incarotid sinusesand aortic archinhibited
Homeostasis: Blood pressure in normal range
Imbalance
Imbalance
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.11: Body sites where the pulse is most easily palpated, p. 732.
Common carotid artery
Brachial artery
Radial artery
Femoral artery
Popliteal artery
Posterior tibial artery
Dorsalis pedis artery
Temporal artery
Facial artery
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.18a: Pulmonary circulation, p. 744.
R. pulmonaryartery
Pulmonarycapillariesof theR. lung
Pulmonarycapillariesof theL. lung
L. pulmonaryartery
R. pulmonary veins
Pulmonarytrunk
Tosystemiccirculation
RA LA
LVRV
L. pulmonaryveins
Fromsystemiccirculation
(a)
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Human Anatomy and Physiology, 7eby Elaine Marieb & Katja Hoehn
Copyright © 2007 Pearson Education, Inc.,publishing as Benjamin Cummings.
Figure 19.18b: Pulmonary circulation, p. 744.
Left pulmonaryartery
Air-filledalveolusof lung
Pulmonarycapillary
Two lobar arteriesto left lung
CO2
O2
Gas exchange
Right pulmonaryarteryThree lobararteries to right lung
Pulmonaryveins
Rightatrium
Aortic arch
Pulmonary trunk
Rightventricle
Leftventricle
PulmonaryveinsLeft atrium
(b)
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