Cardiovascular System – Heart and Blood Vessels
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Transcript of Cardiovascular System – Heart and Blood Vessels
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Cardiovascular System – Heart and Blood VesselsTopics in Human Pathophysiology Fall 2011Gilead Drug Safety and Public Health
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Outline Blood continued
Hemopoiesis Erythrocytes cont. Platelets and Clotting
Heart Structure Cardiac cycle Conduction System and ECGs Coronary Circulation Cardiovascular Disease – diagnosis and treatment
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Blood Cell Genesis - Hemopoiesis
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Blood Types
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Disorders of Erythrocytes Anemias
Blood Type mismatching – Acute Hemolytic Reaction
Hemolytic Reaction of the Newborn
Blood Doping - polycythemia
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Agglutination in Blood Typing test
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Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn
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Platelets
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Stages of Hemostasis
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Disorders of Clotting Thrombi and Emboli
Hemophilia
Thrombocytopenia
Impaired Liver Function
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White Blood Cells - Leukocytes
Protect against pathogens by:
causing inflammation and fever
phagocytosing pathogens
creating antibodies to tag pathogens for destruction
killing pathogens in other ways
Creating a cadre of cells to fight reinfection by specific pathogens (immune memory)
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Heart Structure
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The cardiac cycle Systole – ventricles contract, semilunar
valves open to allow blood to large arteries; AV valves close to prevent backflow to the atria
Diastole – ventricles relax, semilunar valves close to prevent backflow into the ventricles, AV valves open to allow ventricles to fill
Cardiac Cycle video
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The heart electrical system SA node is primary pacemaker AV node is secondary pacemaker AV bundle carries signal to ventricles Electrical signal stimulates muscle
contraction For the conduction system to work
properly adequate blood supply is required.
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Figure 8.14
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ECG Tracings
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Figure 8.11
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Ischemic Heart Disease Coronary artery disease Myocardial ischemia Myocardial hypoxia Myocardial infarct Myocardial necrosis
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From wikipedia
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Risk Factors for Cardiovascular Disease
Age
Male sex
Heredity
Smoking
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
High cholesterol
Obesity
Lack of exercise
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Diagnosis and Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease
Diagnosis BP monitoring Symptoms ECG Angiogram Stress Test Nuclear myocardial
perfusion tests
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Coronary Angiogram
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Lexiscan (regadenoson)
For myocardial perfusion imaging (MPI) A2A adenosine receptor agonist Vasodilates coronary arteries as if
exercising Injected into blood stream prior to gamma
camera scan Can give a good indication of myocardial
perfusion
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Treatment of Ischemic Heart Disease
• Treatment– Coronary bypass surgery– Angioplasty– Stents– Cholesterol lowering
agents– Anticoagulents– Antianginal medications
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Ranexa
For angina Thought to inhibit a sodium ion channel in
the cardiac muscle cells Contraction of those cells might normally
cause compression of cardiac blood vessels during diastole.
Can be taken with other anti-anginal meds Very effective
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Congestive Heart Failure
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Congestive Heart Failure
Heart becomes weak
Blood backs up in veins and capillaries
Fluid excess in tissues
Symptoms include shortness of breath, edema, difficulty breathing (especially when lying down,) difficulty exercising
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Congestive Heart Failure
Causes: cardiomyopathy hypertension lung disease coronary artery disease previous MI valve disease