Chapter 17 - UPM EduTrain Interactive Learning · Web viewHerzberg's two-factor theory divides...

Chapter 16Motivation

True/False Questions

1. Motivation is the arousal, direction and persistence of behavior.

Answer: True Level: 1 Page: 588 Type: F

2. Employee motivation affects productivity, and part of a manager’s job is to channel motivation toward the accomplishment of organizational goals.


3. Monetary and non-monetary are two types of rewards.

Answer: False Level: 1 Page: 589 Type: F

4. Intrinsic rewards are rewards given by another person.


5. The satisfaction a person receives in the process of performing a particular action is called the extrinsic rewards.


6. The most recent theories about motivation represent a perspective called human relations approach.


7. The contemporary approach to employee motivation is dominated by four types of theories.


8. The development of incentive pay systems is lead by the traditional approach to employee motivation.


Chapter Sixteen * MotivationTest Bank * Page 436

9. The human relations approach carries the concept of economic man and social man further to introduce the concept of the whole person.


10. Process theories emphasize the needs that motivate people.


11. Content theories, process theories, and reinforcement theories are three categories of motivation theories.


12. Content theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior.


13. Physiological needs are the most basic human physical needs, which are reflected in the workplace as needs for adequate heat, air, and base salary.


14. Food, water, and freedom from violence are examples of physiological needs in Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory.


15. The highest level of need in Maslow's hierarchy of need theory is the need for growth and self-expression.


16. Esteem needs are those needs that relate to the desire for a positive self-image and to receive attention, recognition, and appreciation from others.


17. The first two groups of needs in Aldefer's ERG theory are external and relatedness.


18. Many companies are finding that creating a humane work environment that allows people to achieve a balance between work and personal life is also a great high-level motivator.

Answer: True Level: 2 Page: 592 Type: FChapter Sixteen * Motivation

Test Bank * Page 437

19. Herzberg's two-factor theory divides work-related needs into two categories: hygiene

factors and reward factors.


20. Motivators are factors that influence job satisfaction based on fulfillment of high-level needs such as achievement, recognition, and opportunity for growth.


21. Hygiene factors are the same as dissatisfiers and include company policies and procedures.


22. Hygiene factors are the same as satisfiers and are based on fulfillment of higher level needs including responsibility.


23. The implication of the two-factor theory for managers is clear. Providing hygiene factors will eliminate employee dissatisfaction but will not motivate workers to high achievement levels.


24. A need for power, a need for accomplishment and a need for superior power is proposed by David McClelland's acquired needs theory.


25. The equity theory focuses on individual’s perceptions of how fairly they are treated relative to others.


26. A high need for power often is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.


27. Process theories are the group of theories that explain how employees meet their needs and determine their success.



28. A process theory that focuses on individuals' perception of how fairly they are treated in comparison to other people is called equality theory.


29. The equity theory, by J. Stacy Adams, states that equity exists when the ratio of outcomes to inputs for one person is equal to the same ratio for another person.


30. Expectancy theory is based on the relationship among the individual's effort and performance and not on the desirability of outcomes.


31. According to the expectancy theory, motivation increases when the worker believes that the successful performance will result by putting effort into a given task. This is called E-P expectancy.


32. The perceived value of a reward or outcome is valence.


33. According to expectancy theory, for an employee to be highly motivated, E-P expectancy and valence must be maximized.

Answer: True Level: 2 Page: 599 Type: A

34. The expectancy theory of motivation is similar to Fiedler's contingency model of leadership in that both emphasize subordinates needs and goals.

Answer: False Level: 3 Page: 600 Type: A

35. Behavior that is positively reinforced tends to be repeated, and behavior that is not reinforced tends not to be repeated, as stated in the Law of Effect.


36. Avoidance learning is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee.


37. The withdrawal of positive reward refers to extinction.

Chapter Sixteen * MotivationTest Bank * 39


38. Schedule of reinforcement is the frequency with which reinforcement occurs.


39. The fixed ratio schedule rewards employees at specified time intervals.


40. The variable-ratio schedule is based on a random number of desired behaviors.


41. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is called job enlargement.


42. Job simplification is based on principles drawn from scientific management and industrial engineering.


43. Task significance is the degree to which the job is perceived as important and having an impact on the company or customers.


44. The job characteristic of autonomy influences the worker's experiencing meaningfulness of work.


45. Empowering employees means giving them four elements that enable them to act more freely to accomplish their jobs: information, knowledge, power, and rewards.


Multiple Choice Questions

1. ______ is the arousal, direction, and persistence of behavior.

a. Commitment


b. Motivationc. Satisfactiond. Rewarding behaviore. Behavior modification

Answer: b Level: 1 Page: 588 Type: F

2. Which of these refers to a reward given by another person?

a. An intrinsic rewardb. An internal rewardc. An extrinsic rewardd. A valued rewarde. A charity

Answer: c Level: 1 Page: 589 Type: F

3. Jessica dislikes almost everything about her job. The only reason she continues to work at Knight Autobody is the excellent benefits package she receives. Jessica is motivated by

a. extrinsic rewards.b. intrinsic rewards.c. variable rewards.d. all of the above.e. none of the above.

Answer: a Level: 2 Page: 589 Type: A

4. Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

a. An employee's feelings of self-worthb. A pat on the back from your bossc. A pay raised. A promotione. A bonus

Answer: a Level: 2 Page: 589 Type: F

5. The __________ to motivation led to the development of incentive pay systems.

a. human resources approachb. organizational approachc. human relations approachd. traditional approache. contemporary approach


Answer: d Level: 2 Page: 590 Type: F

6. All of these are perspectives on motivation described in your text EXCEPT the

a. human resources approach.b. organizational approach.c. human relations approach.d. traditional approach.e. contemporary approach.


7. The perception of workers as economic people is consistent with the

a. contemporary approach.b. human resource approach.c. human relations approach.d. traditional approach.e. reinforcement approach.


8. Which of the following motivational techniques is consistent with the traditional approach to motivation?

a. Sensitivity trainingb. The Hawthorne effectc. Incentive pay systemsd. Need satisfactione. Recognition banquet


9. Under which approach, noneconomic rewards first became popular?

a. The traditional approachb. The contemporary approachc. The human resource approachd. The human relations approache. The situational approach


10. The human resource approach is most closely associated with which of the following?

a. The economic personChapter Sixteen * Motivation


b. The social personc. The whole persond. The partial-man approache. The reinforced approach


11. _________ theories concern the thought processes that influence behavior.

a. Process b. Reinforcementc. Contentd. Needse. Maslow’s


12. Content and process theories of motivation are found in which approach to motivation?

a. The traditional approachb. The contemporary approachc. The human relations approachd. The human resource approache. The whole person approach


13. Which of the following theories emphasize the needs that motivate people?

a. Process b. Reinforcementc. Contentd. Contingencye. Situational


14. Which of the following is NOT a need proposed by Maslow in his hierarchy of needs theory?

a. Safety needsb. Compensation needsc. Physiological needsd. Esteem needse. Self-actualization needs



15. Neil is motivated by a strong need for recognition and is continually seeking credit for his contributions to the organization. According to Maslow, Neil is motivated by which category of needs?

a. Physiologicalb. Safetyc. Belongingnessd. Esteeme. Self-actualization

Answer: d Level: 2 Page: 591 Type: A

16. Which component of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs describes the most basic human physical needs, including food, water and oxygen?

a. Self-actualization needsb. Physiological needsc. Esteem needsd. Belongingness needse. Safety needs


17. Which need describes the desire to be accepted by one’s peer, have friendships, be part of a group, and be loved?

a. Self-actualization needsb. Physiological needsc. Esteem needsd. Belongingness needse. Safety needs


18. The highest order needs, according to Maslow, are

a. self-actualization needs.b. physiological needs.c. esteem needs.d. belongingness needs.e. safety needs.



19. Alderfer referred to the needs for physical well being as needs.

a. physiologicalb. existencec. belongingnessd. relatednesse. growth


20. Joe is primarily driven by a need to establish close social relationships with other people. Alderfer would say she is motivated by

a. growth needs.b. existence needs.c. relatedness needs.d. self-actualization needs.e. physiological needs.

Answer: c Level: 2 Page: 592 Type: A

21. The frustration-regression principle is most closely related with

a. Maslow.b. Herzberg.c. McClelland.d. Alderfer.e. Adam.


22. According to Herzberg, which of these is an example of a hygiene factor?

a. Achievementb. Recognitionc. Payd. Responsibilitye. Opportunity for growth


23. __________ are high-level needs, according to Herzberg, and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.

a. Hygiene factorsb. Extrinsic factors


c. Motivatorsd. Dissatisfierse. All of the above


24. According to Herzberg, which of these has the greatest impact on job satisfaction?

a. Hygiene factorsb. Reinforcersc. Motivatorsd. Dissatisfierse. All of the above


25. The majority of hourly workers at Formatting Unlimited are neither satisfied nor dissatisfied. What would Herzberg recommend if your goal were to increase their level of satisfaction?

a. Increase the level of hygiene factorsb. Increase the level of motivatorsc. Decrease the level of motivatorsd. Decrease the level of hygiene factorse. None of the above

Answer: b Level: 2 Page: 594 Type: A

26. The desire to form close personal relationships, avoid conflict, and establish warm friendships, describes

a. a need for affiliation.b. a need for power.c. a need for achievement.d. a need for authority.e. all of the above.


27. Which of these, according to McClelland, is associated with the desire to master complex tasks?

a. A need for affiliationb. A need for powerc. A need for achievementd. A need for authority


e. All of the above


28. According to McClelland, a high need for ________ is associated with successful attainment of top levels in the organizational hierarchy.

a. powerb. achievementc. affiliationd. successe. expertise


29. Felix is a recent college graduate. He is unsure about his future. A counselor in his university's career resources recently told Felix that he had a high need for achievement. Based on this, what type of career should Felix pursue?

a. He should look for work as a project manager.b. He should think about starting his own business.c. He should look for work in "corporate America," he is sure to climb to the top.d. He should play the Lotto.e. None of the above.


30. Elizabeth has a desire to influence others, be responsible for them, and have authority over them. It can be described as her

a. need for power.b. need for achievement.c. need for affiliation.d. need for relatedness.e. none of the above.


31. ______ is an example of a process theory of motivation.

a. Need hierarchy theoryb. Equity theoryc. Two-factor theoryd. ERG theorye. Acquired needs theory



32. Theories that explain how employees select the behaviors that allow them to meet their needs are known as

a. content theories.b. contingency theories.c. process theories.d. need hierarchy theories.e. reinforcement theories.


33. theory deals with employee's perception of fairness.

a. Expectancy b. Reinforcement c. Need hierarchy d. Equity e. ERG


34. Paula and Chris are both middle managers at Detrick International. Paula is dissatisfied because she knows that Chris makes more in salary even though, in Paula’s opinion, she works longer hours than he does. If Paula wishes to reduce this perceived inequity, what should she do?

a. She could reduce the number of hours she works.b. She could increase her level of absenteeism.c. She could ask for a raise.d. All of the above.e. a and c only.


35. Which of the following is NOT a common method for reducing a perceived inequity?

a. Change inputsb. Change outcomesc. Distorts perceptiond. Leave the jobe. Change equity

Answer: e Level: 2 Page: 597 Type: F


36. Which of the following compensation strategies perpetuates inequity in the workplace?

a. Cafeteria-style benefitsb. Incentive pay systemsc. Two-tier wage systemsd. Gain-sharinge. None of the above


37. ______ is based on the relationships between effort, performance, and outcomes.

a. Equity theoryb. Expectancy theoryc. Reinforcement theoryd. Two-factor theorye. ERG theory


38. The ___________ involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

a. P -> O expectancyb. E -> P expectancyc. O -> V expectancyd. A -> Z expectancye. V -> P expectancy


39. Chuck is a manager at Railroad Ties. He sees little opportunity for advancement at Railroad Ties, regardless of how well he performs. Which of the following expectancies is low for Chuck?

a. E -> P expectancyb. O -> V expectancyc. P -> O expectancyd. E -> V expectancye. None of the above


40. __________ describes the value or attraction an individual has for an outcome.

a. Motivatorsb. Valence


c. O -> V expectancyd. P -> O expectancye. E -> V expectancy


41. Jill works at Kermit’s Korner. Her bosses continually indicate that her motivational level is low. Jill agrees, but is unwilling to work harder until the company changes the types of reward it offers its employees. Which of the following is low for Jill?

a. E -> P expectancyb. O -> P expectancyc. Valenced. Motivatorse. O -> E indicators


42. Which of the following theories places an emphasis on behavior and its consequences?

a. Two-factor theoryb. Need hierarchy theoryc. Reinforcement theoryd. ERG theorye. Equity theory


43. Which of the following statements best summarizes the law of effect?

a. All behaviors have consequences.b. Positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.c. Your behavior will influence others.d. Negatively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated.e. None of the above.


44. Tony publicly praises his employees when they have achieved their goals. Tony hopes this will increase the likelihood of goal achievement in the future. This is an example of

a. extinction.b. negative reinforcement.c. avoidance learning.d. positive reinforcement.e. none of the above.



45. ______ is the administration of a pleasant and rewarding consequence following a desired behavior.

a. Avoidance learningb. Punishmentc. Positive reinforcementd. Extinctione. Suspension


46. The removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior is referred to as

a. avoidance learning.b. punishment.c. positive reinforcement.d. extinction.e. inefficient management.


47. ______ is sometimes called negative reinforcement.

a. Avoidance learningb. Punishmentc. Positive reinforcementd. Extinctione. Neutral learning


48. Which of these is the imposition of unpleasant outcomes on an employee?

a. Avoidance learningb. Punishmentc. Positive reinforcementd. Extinctione. Avoiding punishment


49. ______ is the withdrawal of a positive reward, meaning that behavior is no longer reinforced and hence is less likely to occur in the future.


a. Avoidance learningb. Punishmentc. Positive reinforcementd. Extinctione. None of the above


50. Which of the following techniques reduces the likelihood that behavior will be repeated?

a. Positive reinforcementb. Negative reinforcementc. Extinctiond. Reward enhancemente. All of the above


51. One of your fellow students is continually late to class. The professor has tried numerous verbal warnings and recently took points away from the student's grade. The student continued to show up late. Based on the above, the professor's actions are consistent with which of the following reinforcement techniques?

a. Negative reinforcementb. Extinctionc. Positive reinforcementd. Avoidance learninge. Rewards enhancement


52. One of your fellow team members at work is continually disrupting the team's work with jokes and general horseplay. You hope that by ignoring him he will stop this senseless behavior. You are attempting to use which reinforcement tool?

a. Extinctionb. Positive reinforcementc. Negative reinforcementd. Avoidance learninge. Desired behavior is reinforced annually


53. With __________ schedule, the reinforcement is administered only after some occurrences of the correct behavior.


a. extinctionb. partial reinforcementc. negative reinforcementd. avoidance learninge. none of the above


54. With a continuous reinforcement schedule,

a. every sixth desired behavior is reinforced.b. on average, every sixth desired behavior is reinforced.c. every occurrence of the desired behavior is reinforced.d. once a day the desired behavior is reinforced.e. desired behavior is reinforced annually.


55. The schedule rewards employees at specified time intervals.

a. fixed-ratiob. variable-intervalc. variable-ratiod. continuouse. fixed-interval


56. Rakim is a big believer in reinforcement theory. He likes the slot machine analogy, so his schedule of reinforcement is based on a random number of desired behaviors. What type of reinforcement schedule is Rakim using?

a. Fixed-intervalb. Variable-ratioc. Fixed-ratiod. Continuouse. Continuous-interval


57. With ______ schedules, reinforcement occurs after a specified number of desired responses.

a. fixed-ratiob. variable-intervalc. variable-ratio


d. continuouse. fixed-interval


58. With which schedule reinforcement administered at random times cannot be predicted by the employee?

a. Fixed-ratiob. Variable-intervalc. Variable-ratiod. Continuouse. Fixed-interval


59. ______ schedules are based on random number of desired responses rather than variable time periods.

a. Fixed-ratiob. Variable-intervalc. Variable-ratiod. Continuouse. Fixed-interval


60. _________ is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction.

a. Job designb. Job enlargementc. Job simplificationd. Job characteristicse. Job enrichment


61. While job _________ can lead to greater task efficiencies, it has failed as a motivational technique.

a. rotationb. enlargementc. simplificationd. characteristicse. enrichment



62. Which of the following combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job?

a. Job simplificationb. Job enlargementc. Job rotationd. Job characteristicse. Job lay-off


63. Rudy is looking for ways to increase the number of different tasks that an employee performs without increasing task complexity. He should try

a. job simplification.b. job enlargement.c. job rotation.d. job enrichment.e. job lay-off.


64. ______ pursues task efficiency by reducing the number of tasks one person must do.

a. Job simplificationb. Job rotationc. Job enlargementd. Job enrichmente. Job enhancement


65. Which of these systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job?

a. Job simplificationb. Job rotationc. Job enlargementd. Job enrichmente. None of the above



66. ______ combines a number of tasks horizontally into one, new broader job.

a. Job simplificationb. Job rotationc. Job enrichmentd. All of the abovee. None of the above

Answer: e Level: 2 Page: 607- 608 Type: F

67. A job design that incorporates achievement, recognition, and other high-level motivators into the work is referred to as

a. job simplification.b. job rotation.c. job enlargement.d. job enrichment.e. none of the above.


68. Daisy is a first line supervisor at Ducks, Inc. She wishes to increase her employee's opportunities for growth and learning. Which of the following techniques should she use?

a. Job enlargementb. Job enrichmentc. Job rotationd. Positive reinforcemente. Continuous


69. Which of the following is an important part of the job characteristics model?

a. Critical psychological statesb. A hierarchy of needsc. Schedules of reinforcementd. All of the abovee. None of the above


70. The core dimension of Hackman and Oldham's model of job characteristics that is based on the number of diverse activities that make up a job is known as


a. autonomy.b. job enlargement.c. skill variety.d. task identity.e. feedback.


71. ______ is the degree to which an employee performs a total job with a recognizable beginning and ending.

a. Task complexityb. Task identityc. Task significanced. Task structuree. None of the above


72. The degree to which the job is perceived as important and having impact on the company or customers is referred to as

a. task complexity.b. task identity.c. task significance.d. task structure.e. task simplification.


73. When a person has ______, the Job Characteristics Model is effective.

a. a desire for personal challengeb. a desire for achievementc. a need for challenging workd. all of the abovee. none of the above


74. Which of the following core job dimensions influences the critical psychological state of experienced meaningfulness of work?

a. Skill varietyb. Task significancec. Task identity


d. All of the abovee. b and c only


75. Emma tried to apply the job characteristics model to her workforce, but it only worked for some of her employees. Which of the following may be a reason why it did not work for everyone?

a. Some of her employees are lazy.b. Some of her employees are low in growth-need strength.c. Some of her employees have a low need for power.d. All of her employees have high growth-needs.e. Some of her employees have low affiliation needs.


76. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is referred to as

a. need for power.b. need for achievement.c. empowerment.d. passing the buck.e. need of affiliation.


77. Empowering employees means giving employees

a. information.b. knowledge.c. power.d. rewards.e. All of the above.


Scenario Questions

Scenario—Odysess Miller

Odysess Miller was a successful manager for one of the subsidiaries at Tour Unlimited. He was responsible for 232 workers and had a span of control of eight lower level managers. Odysess has


decided to try to increase performance and productivity by the careful use of motivational theories.

1. The hygiene factors, or dissatifiers, that Odysess can influence include all of the following EXCEPT

a. salary and wages.b. supervision relationships.c. working conditions.d. company policies.e. all are hygiene factors.

Answer: e Type: A

2. The motivator factors, or satisfiers, that Odysess can change and influence include all of the following EXCEPT

a. recognition.b. growth opportunities.c. achievement.d. salary.e. all are motivator factors.

Answer: d Type: A

3. One of Odysess’ best employees has a driving need to be able to attain a high standard of success, to master complex tasks, and to surpass others. Odysess recognizes these acquired needs as defined as

a. the need for accomplishment.b. the need for power.c. the need for affiliation.d. the need for adaptation.e. none of the above.

Answer: e Type: A

4. Odysess understands that perceived inequity creates tensions within individuals that motivate them to bring equity back into balance, and one of his production supervisors feels that she is underpaid. Which of the following is not a common method for reducing perceived inequity?

a. Change in his inputs to the organizationb. Change his outcomes from the organizationc. Distort his perceptiond. Leave the job for a new onee. All are common methods


Answer: e Type: A

Short-Answer Questions 1. refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse

enthusiasm and persistence to pursue a certain course of action.

Answer: Motivation Page: 588

2. The satisfaction received in the process of performing an action is also known as a(n) _______.

Answer: intrinsic reward Page: 589 3. rewards are given by another person, typically a manager, and include

promotions and pay increases.

Answer: Extrinsic Page: 589

4. _______ theories emphasize the needs that motivate people. Answer: Content Page: 590

5. A content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five categories of needs—physiological, safety, belongingness, esteem, and self-actualization—that exist in a hierarchical order is called the theory.

Answer: hierarchy of needs Page: 591

6. __________ are the most basic human physical needs, including food, water, and oxygen.

Answer: Physiological needs Page: 591

7. List the four content theories discussed in your text. Answer: The four are (1) hierarchy of needs theory, (2) ERG theory, (3) two-factor theory, and

(4) acquired needs theory.

Page: 591-596


8. A modification of the needs hierarchy theory that proposes three categories of needs: existence, relatedness, and growth is called the theory.

Answer: ERG Page: 592

9. List the three needs proposed by Clayton Alderfer. Answer: The three needs are (1) existence needs, (2) relatedness needs, and (3) growth needs.

Page: 592

10. The idea that failure to meet a high-order need may cause a regression to an already satisfied lower-order need is referred to as a(n) .

Answer: frustration-regression principle

Page: 592

11. Factors that involve the presence or absence of job dissatisfiers, such as working conditions or pay, are known as _______.

Answer: hygiene factors Page: 594

12. are high-level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth.

Answer: Motivators Page: 594

13. theories explain how workers select behavioral actions to meet their needs and determine whether their choices were successful.

Answer: Process Page: 596

14. _______ theory focuses on an individual's perceptions of how fairly he or she is treated relative to others.

Answer: Equity Page: 596 15. A state of exists whenever the ratio of one person's outcomes to inputs

equals the ratio of another's outcomes to inputs.

Answer: equity Page: 596

16. theory suggests that motivation depends on individuals' expectations Chapter Sixteen * Motivation


about their ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.

Answer: Expectancy Page: 598

17. involves whether putting effort into a task will lead to high performance.

Answer: E -> P expectancy Page: 598

18. involves whether successful performance will lead to the desired outcome.

Answer: P -> O expectancy Page: 598

19. is the value of outcomes, or attraction for outcomes, for the individual.

Answer: Valence Page: 599

20. A motivation theory based on the relationship between a given behavior and its consequences is called the .

Answer: reinforcement theory Page: 601

21. is the name given to the set of techniques by which reinforcement theory is used to modify human behavior.

Answer: Behavior modification Page: 601

22. The assumption that positively reinforced behavior tends to be repeated is the basis for the _______.

Answer: law of effect Page: 601 23. is defined as anything that causes a certain behavior to be repeated or

inhibited.

Answer: Reinforcement Page: 601

24. List the four types of reinforcement. Answer: The four types of reinforcement are (1) positive reinforcement, (2) avoidance learning,

(3) punishment, and (4) extinction.

Page: 601-602

25. __________ is the removal of an unpleasant consequence following a desired behavior.Chapter Sixteen * Motivation


Answer: Avoidance learning Page: 601

26. pertain to the frequency with which and intervals over which reinforcement occurs.

Answer: Schedules of reinforcement

Page: 602

27. With a , every occurrence of the desired behavior is reinforced. Answer: continuous reinforcement schedule

Page: 603

28. With a , the reinforcement is administered only after some occurrences of the correct behavior.

Answer: partial reinforcement schedule Page: 603

29. The __________ rewards employees at specified time intervals.

Answer: fixed-interval schedule Page: 603

30. is the application of motivational theories to the structure of work for improving productivity and satisfaction.

Answer: Job design Page: 605

31. pursues task efficiency by reducing the number of tasks one person must do.

Answer: Job simplification Page: 607

32. systematically moves employees from one job to another, thereby increasing the number of different tasks an employee performs without increasing the complexity of any one job.

Answer: Job rotation Page: 607

33. combines a series of tasks into one new, broader job.

Answer: Job enlargement Page: 607

34. incorporates high-level motivators into the work, including job Chapter Sixteen * Motivation


responsibility, recognition, and opportunities for growth, learning, and achievement.

Answer: Job enrichment Page: 608

35. __________ is defined as the altering of jobs to increase both the quality of employees’ work experience and their productivity.

Answer: Work redesign Page: 608

36. List the five core job dimensions found in the job characteristics model. Answer: The five dimensions are (1) skill variety, (2) task identity, (3) task significance, (4)

autonomy, and (5) feedback.

Page: 608-609 37. __________ is the degree to which the worker has freedom, discretion, and self-

determination in planning and carrying out tasks.

Answer: Autonomy Page: 609

38. The delegation of power and authority to subordinates is called .

Answer: empowerment Page: 610

Essay Questions 1. Differentiate between intrinsic and extrinsic rewards.

ANSWER: Intrinsic rewards is the satisfaction received in the process of performing an action. Extrinsic rewards are rewards given by another person.

Level: 2 Page: 589

2. Briefly describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory. ANSWER: Maslow's theory is a content theory that proposes that people are motivated by five

categories of needs. They are (1) physiological, (2) safety and security, (3) belongingness and love, (4) esteem, and (5) self-actualization. According to Maslow's


theory, lower-order needs take priority; they must be at least partially satisfied before higher order needs are even recognized or experienced. An unsatisfied need is a motivating need.

Level: 2 Page: 591

3. Compare the five groups of needs in Maslow's theory with the three groups of needs in Alderfer's ERG theory.

ANSWER: Physiological and safety needs in Maslow's theory correspond to the existence need in

Alderfer's theory. Belongingness and the need for esteem from other people in Maslow's theory correspond to the relatedness need in Alderfer's theory. Finally, the need for self-esteem and self-actualization in Maslow's theory correspond to Alderfer's need for growth.

Level: 3 Page: 592-593

4. In David McClelland's acquired needs theory, what are the three acquired needs most commonly discussed and which is/are not dependent on relationships with other people?

ANSWER: The three needs are the need for achievement, the need for power, and the need for

affiliation. The need for affiliation is the need for friendships with other people and the need for power is the need to influence people. The need for achievement is the desire to accomplish something. People with a high need for achievement tend to be entrepreneurs. While relationships with other people are implicit in the needs for affiliation and power, relationships with other people are not central to the need for achievement.


5. Briefly explain expectancy theory. ANSWER: Expectancy theory is based on the relationship between the individual's effort, the

individual's performance, and the desirability of outcomes associated with high performance. The key to expectancy theory lies in understanding three key variables. The first variable is the relationship between effort and high performance (E --> P expectancy). What is the expectancy that putting effort into a task will lead to high performance? The second variable is the relationship between successful performance and desired outcomes (P --> O expectancy). What is the expectancy that successful performance will lead to the desired outcome? The final variable is valence, i.e., the


value or attraction of the outcome to individuals. Thus, motivation is a function of the individual's expectations about his or her ability to perform tasks and receive desired rewards.


6. Explain employee growth-need strength and its relationship to the job characteristics model.

ANSWER: Growth need strength (GNS) means that people have different needs for growth and

development. GNS would influence the effectiveness of the job characteristics model in terms of personal and work outcomes. If a person has low-level needs, such as needs for security or belongingness, the impact of the job characteristics model would be minimized. On the other hand, people with a high need to grow and expand their abilities should respond very favorably to the model and there should be significant improvement in the outcomes of interest.

Level: 2 Page: 610


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