CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES Compare and contrast the two principal models of criminal justice...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES Compare and contrast the two principal models of criminal justice...
CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Compare and contrast the two principal models of criminal justice policy making
Examine criticisms of the criminal justice system
Assess different forms of the welfare state dating back to the nineteenth century
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Contrast the U.S. welfare state model to that found in other Western democracies
Understand the role of welfare policies in addressing the needs of the poor
Assess the state of the social security system, its future prospects, and proposals for reformCopyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Contrast the various tax-favored investment vehicles that supplement retirement savings
Compare America’s health care system to European systems that feature universal health care
Assess efforts to overhaul the nation’s health care system, including the legislation passed in 2010
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Understand the role the EPA has played in advancing national environmental policy
Assess education policy, including the recently expanded role of the federal government in requiring public schools to meet national standards
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVESCHAPTER 17: LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Consider how energy policy is determined in the U.S., including the use of mandates and programs encouraging energy efficiency
Understand the history of immigration policy in the U.S. and the impetus behind current proposals to increase restrictions on illegal immigrants
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
WHEN A PRESIDENT SCALES BACK HIS GOALS TO WHEN A PRESIDENT SCALES BACK HIS GOALS TO ACHIEVE MAJOR SOCIAL POLICY: NOW & THENACHIEVE MAJOR SOCIAL POLICY: NOW & THEN
The problem had festered for decades The energetic young president
demanded sweeping policy reforms Leaders conceded the need but the
policymaking process was suspended in legislative gridlock
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
……NOW & THENNOW & THEN
In the end, a more modest version would become law
The president may not have gotten all he wanted, but
He achieved a policy breakthrough, and would get much of the credit
His willingness to compromise made a huge breakthrough possible
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
JEWEL SAMAD/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
NOW… AMERICA’S HEALTH CARE NOW… AMERICA’S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM SYSTEM
Spiraling costs and widespread complaints about access to care forced the issue to the forefront again in 2009
Obama argued for health insurance coverage for all uninsured, caps on premium increases, coverage retention after changing or leaving a job… also
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
NOW… AMERICA’S HEALTH CARE NOW… AMERICA’S HEALTH CARE SYSTEM SYSTEM
The “public option”: government insurance competing with the corporate insurance sector to reduce costs
The final bill lacked universal coverage and the public option, but
Still, the legislation amounted to a sweeping overhaul
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CORBIS
THEN… PRESIDENT THEODORE THEN… PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELTROOSEVELT
Announced that conservation of forest and water resources would be a national issue of vital importance
By executive order, designated many federal tracts as game reserves, and over 150 million acres as national forest reserves protected from unregulated strip mining
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THEN… PRESIDENT THEODORE THEN… PRESIDENT THEODORE ROOSEVELTROOSEVELT
Transfer Act of 1905: moved forest reserve management to the Bureau of Forestry (U.S. Forest Service)
But Congress refused to pass other laws protecting the nation’s resources
Roosevelt was forced to accept major compromises in his landmark legislation
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning CORBIS
JEWEL SAMAD/AFP/GETTY IMAGES
INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION Social policy: rules, regulations, and
policy making pertaining to quality of life, welfare, and relations of human beings
Grand policy-planning strategies are often unrealistic in a system where passing laws of any kind is so difficult
Often resort to breakthroughs short of their overall objectives and promises
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF CRIME POLICYCRIME POLICY
Social scientist Herbert Packer defined two models: 1. Crime control model - controlling criminal
behavior is the most important function of criminal justice
“Assembly line justice”: moving cases quickly and efficiently
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THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF CRIME POLICYCRIME POLICY
2. Due process model: the principal goal is justice
Focuses as much on protecting the innocent as on convicting the guilty
Some guilty defendants may go free if the state doesn’t meet its high burden of proving guilt “beyond a reasonable doubt”
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF THE NATURE AND PRACTICE OF CRIME POLICYCRIME POLICY
U.S. system is a tug-of-war between both models
No-name, relatively run-of-the-mill, usually poor defendants often fall into the crime control model whereas
Bigger-name, higher-profile, and wealthy defendants are more likely to experience the due process model
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
MARIO ANZUONI/REUTERS/LANDOV
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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
INNOVATIVE CRIME POLICIES THROUGH THE YEARS
Mid-to-late 19th century: focused on discouraging “rowdy and undisciplined behavior”
Frequent arrests for less “harmful” crimes, seen as contributing to a general state of moral decline
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
A vagrant is hauled off by city policemen as part of law enforcement’s emphasis on public order maintenance.©NORTH WIND/NORTH WIND PICTURES ARCHIVES—ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1940s-1970s: Rehabilitation played a dominant role
Argued that offenders could be restored to a constructive place in society
Indeterminate sentencing: no fixed release date—viewed as motivation to participate in treatment and/or therapy
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT… IN HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVEHISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
1980s: Wilson and Kelling’s “broken windows theory”
Cleaning up vandalism, i.e., fixing broken windows, deters petty crimes and antisocial behavior in the short run, and
Deters major crimes in the long run “Zero tolerance”
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE WELFARE STATETHE WELFARE STATE
Nearly all modern welfare states are somewhere between
Pure capitalism: All or most of the means of production are privately owned under competitive conditions, and
Socialism: All or most of the means of production are owned by the community as a whole
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE WELFARE STATETHE WELFARE STATE
U.S. government vigorously resisted assuming broad welfare state functions until the 1930s—Great Depression
FDR’s New Deal established the modern welfare state, however
Very few provisions directly ensured better education or health care for the masses
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE WELFARE STATETHE WELFARE STATE
It wasn’t until the mid-1960s that the reach of the welfare state included education, health care, and assistance to the poor, however
Because welfare is seen as “taking something” without contributing -
Americans are reluctant to see welfare similar to many European democracies
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
YOUR PERSPECTIVE…. ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE…. ON AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT
Realistic Options for National Service…
1993: the National Community and Service Trust Act created “AmeriCorps”
Over a quarter of a million young people have introduced new national programs and revitalized existing programs
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
YOUR PERSPECTIVE…. ON YOUR PERSPECTIVE…. ON AMERICAN GOVERNMENTAMERICAN GOVERNMENT
Would you consider joining AmeriCorps or some other form of national service before embarking on your own career?
Why or why not? Should AmeriCorps “volunteers” be paid
even a minimal scholarship amount?
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR THE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR THE POORPOOR
New Deal programs i.e. Works Progress Administration and the Federal Emergency Relief Administration
Provided public jobs and emergency aid Aid to Dependent Children (or AFDC)
supplemented state money to poor, single mothers unable to work
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR THE POLICIES AND PROGRAMS FOR THE POORPOOR
LBJ’s Great Society expanded federal welfare programs
Food stamps; Legal Aid, medical clinics, and Head Start preschool education
Medicare: health insurance for elderly Medicaid: provides limited health care
services to the poor Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMTHE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM
“Third rail” of American politics Any politician who touches it is sure to
get shocked into submission Politicians recognize the need for large-
scale reform of the system, But public opinion and interest groups
that favor the system are just as stubborn
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEMTHE SOCIAL SECURITY SYSTEM
Through tax incentives, the federal government encourages people to put aside extra savings for retirement
Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs)
Roth IRAs 401(k) plans Keogh plans
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
HEALTH CARE POLICYHEALTH CARE POLICY
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act of 2010 (PPACA): Penalizes some citizens who don’t obtain health care insurance
No public-sponsored health care plans, except “health insurance exchanges” —
Private health insurance organized in more cost-efficient ways
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
HEALTH CARE POLICYHEALTH CARE POLICY
PPACA expanded Medicaid eligibility – In 2014, persons with income levels up
to 133% of the poverty line will qualify Also dictates the rules to be followed by
health maintenance organizations (HMOs) —prepaid group practice arrangements that attempt to limit costs through flat monthly rates
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEGLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
THE GRASS ONLY LOOKS GREENER FOR CANADIAN HEALTH CARE
In her 2004 book, Miracle Cure: How to Solve America’s Health-Care Crisis and Why Canada Isn’t the Answer
Sally C. Pipes provides a critical perspective on Canadian heath care
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEGLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
Noted Canada’s system is beset with rationing, delays, and long waits –
Numerous hurdles prevent many new drugs from reaching consumers quickly, if at all
“The myth of the U.S. health care system is that it is a free-wheeling, cold-hearted, for-profit system …” -
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN GLOBAL PERSPECTIVEGLOBAL PERSPECTIVE
“...For-profit insurance companies, medical supply corporations, hospitals and physician practices are notable actors ...”
“It is for that reason that the United States has the most dispersed and dynamic health care system in the world”
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHECK THE LISTCHECK THE LIST
THE TEN COUNTRIES THAT SPEND THE MOST PER CAPITA ON PUBLIC HEALTH CARE
1. United States $6,714 per capita*2. Switzerland $4,3113. Luxemborg $4,3034. Norway $4,2505. Canada $3,678
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
CHECK THE LISTCHECK THE LIST
6. Austria $3,606
7. France $3,449
8. Netherlands $3,391
9. Germany $3,371
10. Denmark $3,349
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OTHER POLICY AREASOTHER POLICY AREAS
Environmental Policy Contemporary environmental policy was
crafted piecemeal during the 1960s and early 70s
Biggest governmental commitment to the environmental movement—creation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICYENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
In recent decades, the EPA has been much more active in tightening pollution standards and regulating environmental risks,
But EPA was allotted merely $7.6 billion in fiscal year 2008, considerably less than competing programs such as transportation ($67 billion)
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN POPULAR PERSPECTIVEPOPULAR PERSPECTIVE
And the Oscar Goes to … the Former Vice President?
Gore’s 2006 documentary film, An Inconvenient Truth on global warming
Won the 2007 Academy Award for Best Documentary film, raised international awareness, and reenergized the environmental movement
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN POPULAR PERSPECTIVEPOPULAR PERSPECTIVE
Why do you think the medium of film proved so effective at depicting the climate change crisis?
How important was it to have a former vice president as the movie’s central figure? Do you think the film would have been produced without Gore’s participation? Why or why not?
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN AMERICAN GOVERNMENT. . . IN POPULAR PERSPECTIVEPOPULAR PERSPECTIVE
When Gore testified before Congress, the reviews were mixed, with some Republican members expressly critical of his position
Would another spokesman have been more effective at helping to steer potential bills through Congress? Why or why not?
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
THE THORNY POLITICS OF DRILLING THE THORNY POLITICS OF DRILLING FOR OIL IN ALASKAFOR OIL IN ALASKA
U.S. demand for petroleum exceeded domestic production by the early 1970s
By the 1990s, 50% of total U.S. consumption came from foreign imports
G.W. Bush proposed renewing drilling in Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, but it was rejected by the Senate
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
LAWRENCE BENDER PRODS./THE KOBAL COLLECTION/ERIC LEE
EDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION POLICY
Education has traditionally been a state and local responsibility
The federal government’s increasing economic role has led to some sacrifice in local and state autonomy
Federal spending on local education is often accompanied by conditions that state administrators must follow
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
EDUCATION POLICYEDUCATION POLICY
2002: the No Child Left Behind Act requires mandatory testing of students to meet basic competencies
Schools with a high percentage of low-income or underprivileged children can be labeled as “failures”
Federal courts have also been especially active in educational matters
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
ENERGY POLICYENERGY POLICY
Americans constitute 5% of the world’s population, but in most years consume over a quarter of the world’s energy
But the U.S. continues to lack a comprehensive long-term energy policy
Legislation reducing long term supply disruptions and price volatility has run into continuous political obstacles
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
IMMIGRATION POLICYIMMIGRATION POLICY
Diversity has contributed to America’s strength, but assimilating so many hasn’t been free of controversy
Since the 1990s, the number of illegal immigrants has outpaced legal immigrants
Causing many to wonder whether federal immigration policies are broken
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IMMIGRATION POLICYIMMIGRATION POLICY
The Department of Homeland Security administers all federal immigration services, including permanent residence, naturalization, asylum, and enforcement
Proposals in Congress allowing millions of illegal immigrants to participate in a guest-worker program and/or attain citizenship have so far failed
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NOW & THEN: MAKING THE NOW & THEN: MAKING THE CONNECTIONCONNECTION
U.S. social welfare policy has been a source of continued frustration for many
The U.S. system tends to foster a “pull yourself up by your bootstraps” culture and
Has emphasized reliance on churches and other nonprofit organizations
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NOW & THEN: MAKING THE NOW & THEN: MAKING THE CONNECTIONCONNECTION
Since the 1930s and the 1960s, the government’s social welfare functions have increased substantially
Controversy surrounding governmental welfare schemes invites resistance, and
Presidents must scale back dreams to ensure some form of victory
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POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE!
SOCIAL SECURITY: THE THIRD RAIL OF AMERICAN POLITICS
Most economists agree that the financial security of the system will soon be threatened
Payments to recipients will outpace contributions to the system within the next decade
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POLITICS INTERACTIVE!POLITICS INTERACTIVE! Though a number of proposals have been
offered to fix this impending problem, none so far have been adopted
www.cengage.com/dautrich/americangovernment/2e find the Politics Interactive link on the politics of Social Security
Consult also the links on the historical, popular, and global perspectives
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
Copyright © 2012 Cengage Learning
AP PHOTO/MANUEL BALCE CENETA