Chapter 17 – Blood. Functions of blood Transportation/distribution – Oxygen, carbon dioxide,...
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Transcript of Chapter 17 – Blood. Functions of blood Transportation/distribution – Oxygen, carbon dioxide,...
Chapter 17 – Blood
Functions of blood
• Transportation/distribution – Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, waste
products, hormones • Regulation/homeostasis – Body temperature, pH, fluid volume
• Protection – Clotting – Fights infection
Blood
• Classified as connective tissue – Large extracellular matrix (plasma) approx 55%– Formed elements approx 45%
• Color – Due to hemoglobin in red blood cells
• Bright red = oxygen-rich; dark brick red = oxygen-poor
• pH– Slightly alkaline 7.35 – 7.45
• Volume – Approx 8% of body weight – Males – 5-6 L– Females – 4-5 L
Whole blood composition
Formed elements
• Are created in red bone marrow (hematopoiesis or hemopoiesis) from stem cells
• Erythrocytes (red blood cells)• Leukocytes (white blood cells)– Only type that are true cells
• Thrombocytes (platelets)
Erythrocyte structure
• Biconcave discs – Allows for
rapid gas diffusion
• Anucleate and no organelles
• Packed with hemoglobin
Hemoglobin structure • 4 polypeptide chains
(2 alpha and 2 beta chains)
• Each chain has an associated heme group
• Each heme group has a central iron atom – Serves as the binding
site for oxygen molecule
Gas exchange
• In lungs – Oxygen diffuses from air sacs in lungs into blood and
binds with iron in hemoglobin • Oxyhemoglobin – bright red
• In body tissues – Oxygen detaches from iron to diffuse out of bloodstream
• Deoxyhemoglobin – dark red
• Hemoglobin also carries about 20% of carbon dioxide – Carbaminohemoglobin
• CO2 binds to amino acids of globin chains
Erythrocyte production • Red bone marrow
– Large capillaries (blood sinusoids)– Cells
• Immature blood cells • Marcophages – consume debris/foreign cells
• Hemocytoblast – Ability to become any bloodcell type – Once ‘committed’ it can not change pathway
• Pathway – Color of cell changes from blue to pink as
hemoglobin accumulates – Reticulocytes
• Speckled appearance due to clumped ribosomes • In circulation approx 2 days before forming mature
RBC• 1 – 2% of RBC count; indicates rate of RBC production
Regulation of RBC production
• Erythropoietin (EPO)– Hormone produced by (mainly) kidneys and liver – Stimulates RBC production in response to low
blood oxygen levels • Also in response to testosterone
– Commerically available for kidney failure patients• EPO increases hematocrit (measure of % of RBCs in
whole blood)• Has been abused by athletes
Blood Typing
• Antigens or agglutinogens– Glycoproteins on the surface of RBCs that serve as
identification• Antibodies or agglutinins – Will attack foreign antigens – Causes agglutination, or clumping
• Small vessels can become blocked • Leads to cell destruction
– Free hemoglobin in kidneys can result in acute renal failure
• ABO and Rh can cause severe reactions if mismatched during a blood transfusion
ABO blood types
Rh factor • + has the Rh antigen; - does not • Rh – individuals do not have preformed antibodies
against the Rh factor– Must have an exposure to the antigen in order to form
antibodies against it • Rh- woman – Risk of erythroblastosis fetalis – Given Rogam during pregnancy
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Leukocytes • Involved with immunity• Diapedesis – WBCs can leave bloodstream and enter
the lymphatic system and loose connective tissue – Amoeboid movement
• Types – Granulocytes – cytoplasm contains obvious granules
• Neutrophil • Eosinophil • Basophil
– Angranulocytes – cytoplasm does not contain granules• Monocyte • Lymphocyte
Granulocytes • Neutrophil
– Nucleus is multilobed• Also called polymorphonuclear
leukocytes (PMNs)
– Phagocytize bacteria
• Eosinophil – Fight parasites that are too
large for phagocytosis • Release enzymes that digest
parasite
• Basophil – Histamine – allergic reactions
• Vasodilator; attracts other WBCs
– Heparin – antocoagulant
Agranulocytes • Monocytes
– Enters tissues to become macrophages
– Fight viral infections, chronic infections, bacterial-infected cells
• Lymphocytes – Most are located within the
lymphatic system – T cells
• Destroy infected cells and tumor cells
– B cells• Plasma cells produce antibodies • Fight ‘free’ infectious agents
(haven’t entered a cell yet)
Leukocyte production • Relative amount of WBCS– “Never Let Mom Eat
Beans”
• Lifespan = less than 10 days
• Stem cell lines– Hemocytoblast
differentiates into either:• Lymphoid stem cell line
– Develops into lymphocytes • Myeloid stem cell line
– Develops into all formed elements of blood except lymphocytes
Thrombocyte (platelet) production
• Stimulated by thrombopoietin (produced by kidneys)
• Megakaryocyte is formed by mitosis without cytokinesis
• Megakaryocyte presses against sinusoid wall and extends cytoplasmic branches through walls into bloodstream – Break off to form platelets
Hemostasis • Hemostasis – stopping of bleeding • 3 stages – Vascular
• Vascular spasm • Endothelial damage exposes underlying collagen • Smooth muscle contraction; endothelium becomes sticky
– Platelet • Platelets adhere to endothelium and each other to form a plug
– Coagulation• Clotting cascade ultimately forms fibers
• Clot retraction – Platelets contract – brings damaged regions closer together
for repair
Fibrinolysis
• Clot dissolution • Plasminogen converts to plasmin – Plasminogen trapped in clot• Slow conversion
– Digests fibrin strands
Abnormal values • Red blood cells
– Anemia - low • Iron insufficiency, blood loss, kidney disease, bone marrow disorder
– Polycythemia – elevated • Bone marrow disorder, dehydration
• White blood cells – Leukopenia – low
• Bone marrow disorder
– Leukocytosis – elevated• Infection, inflammation, bone marrow disorder
• Platelets – Thrombocytopenia – low
• Excessive destruction or inadequate production
– Thrombocytosis – elevated • Infection, inflammation, cancer