CHAPTER 16 THE PROTESTANT

REFORMATIONS AND THE POLITICAL TRANSFORMATION OF EUROPE1500-1650

Social, Economic, Political and Intellectual Changes Social and Economic

Transformation Political Challenges Spiritual and Intellectual

Developments

Luther and the German Reformation The Search for Salvation The Two Kingdoms: God and the

State

Henry VIII and the Anglican Reformation Legitimate Heirs and the True

Church Radical Protestants and Renewed

Catholics

Protestantism in Switzerland and France Ulrich Zwingli John Calvin

Radical Protestantism in the Rhine Valley

The Catholic Counter-Reformation

Wars of Religions The Spanish Habsburgs’ Quest for

European Hegemony, 1556-1598 The Era of Spanish Habsburg

Dominance Revolt in the Netherlands Religious Wars in France

Wars of Religions Elizabethan England, 1558-1603 Lepanto and the Armada Philip II’s Failure in Europe

The Austrian Habsburgs’ Drive for Superiority and the Thirty Years’ War

The Bohemian and Danish Phases of the Thirty Years’ War: The Habsburgs’ High Tide to 1630

The Swedish and French Phases and Balance of Power, 1630-1648

The Peace of Westphalia