Chapter 16Acids and Bases

Drill

Determine which strong acid and strong base the following salts were derived from:

1.LiCl2.Ba3(PO4)2

3.CaSO4

4.Sr(NO3)2

Objectives

iWBATDistinguish between Arrhenius, Bronsted Lowry and Lewis acids and bases.

Write conjugate acid/base pairs.

Arrhenius Definition Definitions: Acids produce hydrogen ions in aqueous

solution. Bases produce hydroxide ions when

dissolved in water.

Limited to aqueous solutions. Uses only one kind of base (hydroxide). NH3 ammonia could not be an Arrhenius

base.

Bronsted-Lowry Definitions Definition:

An acid is a proton (H+) donor and a base is a proton acceptor.

Acids and bases always come in pairs. HCl is an acid. When it dissolves in water, it gives its

proton to water. HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+ + Cl-

Water is a base that makes a hydronium ion

Example ReactionExample Reaction

HCl(g) + H2O(l) H3O+ + Cl-

Acid Base

Hydronium Ion

Remember… Strong acids completely dissociate

in water.

HCl + H2O H3O +1 + Cl-1

This reaction goes to completion and there is no HCl left in the solution.

Use a single direction arrow.

Strong AcidsStrong Acids

Remember… Weak acids only partially dissociate.

CH3COOH + NH3 ⇔ CH3COO-1 + NH4+1

This is an equilibrium reaction.There are significant amounts of

reactants and products in the solution.

Use a double headed arrow. ⇔

Hydroxides (and some oxides) are strong bases.

Weak BasesWeak Bases All other common bases are weak.

Weak bases establish an equilibrium system like acids.

Some examples of weak bases are on the next slide.

Acid Base Pairs General equation HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+(aq) + A-(aq)

Acid + Base Conjugate acid + Conjugate base

This is an equilibrium situation.

There is competition for H+ between H2O and A-

The stronger base controls direction of the rxn.

If H2O is a stronger base it takes the H+ Equilibrium would then move to right.

PracticePractice Try the Bronsted Lowry conjugate Try the Bronsted Lowry conjugate

acid/base worksheetacid/base worksheet

Keep in mind…Keep in mind… The acid turns into a base andThe acid turns into a base and The base turns into an acid.The base turns into an acid.

Day 2Day 2

This is an abbreviated chart with Common Acids/Bases

Use the following reaction and the conjugate acid/base chart to determine which direction the equilibrium will lie.

CH3COOH + NH3 ⇔ CH3COO-1 + NH4+1

CH3COOH is a stronger acid than NH4+1

NH3 is a stronger base than CH3COO-1

The equilibrium will favor the side in which the weaker acid and base a present.

Equilibrium will lie to the right.

Acid Dissociation Constant

Ka HA(aq) + H2O(l) H3O+

(aq) + A -1(aq)

Ka = [H3O+1][A-1]

[HA]

H3O+1 is often written H+1 ignoring the water in equation (it is implied).

Since this is the equilibrium constant associated with weak acid dissociation, this particular Kc is most commonly called the acid dissociation constant Ka

Acid Dissociation Constant Ka

HA(aq) H+(aq) + A-(aq)

Ka = [H+][A-]

[HA] We can write the expression for any

acid. Strong acids dissociate completely. Equilibrium lies far to right. Conjugate base must be weak.

Back to Pairs

Strong acids

Ka is large

[H+] is equal to [HA]

A-1 is a weaker base than water

Weak acids

Ka is small

[H+] <<< [HA] A-1 is a stronger

base than water

Types of Acids Monoprotic Acids have only one hydrogen.

Polyprotic Acids: more than 1 acidic hydrogen (diprotic, triprotic).

Oxyacids:Proton is attached to the oxygen of an ion.

Organic acids:contain the Carboxyl group -COOH with the H attached to O

Generally very weak.

Oxyacid examples:Oxyacid examples: Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid Sulfuric acid (H2SO4), phosphoric acid

(H3PO4), and nitric acid (HNO3) are all (H3PO4), and nitric acid (HNO3) are all oxyacids.oxyacids.

Organic acid examples:Organic acid examples: Lactic acidLactic acid Uric acid

Acetic acidAcetic acid Oxalic acidFormic acidFormic acid Citric acid

Amphoteric Amphoteric means that the substance can

behave as both an acid and a base. Water molecules interact with each other and

ionize. At the same time, the ions in solution reform molecules of water as shown in the following reaction. (This means that water auto-ionizes)

2H2O(l) H3O+1(aq) + OH-1

(aq)

KW = [H3O+][OH-] = [H+][OH-]

In pure water the concentrations of H3O+1 and OH-1 will always be equal.

[H+] = [OH-] = 1.0 x 10-7

At 25ºC KW = 1.0 x10-14 Therefore: Neutral solution [H+] = [OH-]= 1.0 x10-7 Acidic solution [H+] > [OH-] Basic solution [H+] < [OH-]

pH In 1909, Danish biochemist S. P. L In 1909, Danish biochemist S. P. L

Sorensen introduced the pH Sorensen introduced the pH system.system.

pH representing power of pH representing power of hydrogenhydrogen

pH pH= -log[H+] Used because [H+] is usually very

small As pH decreases, [H+] increases

exponentially

Other equations: pOH= -log[OH-] pKa = -log K

Sig Figs for pH

Sig figs: the number of sig figs in the lead number is the number of decimal places for the pH value. (only the digits after the decimal place of a pH are significant)

[H+] = 1.0 x 10-8 pH= 8.00 2 sig figs

Relationships Derivation: KW = [H+][OH-] -log KW = -log([H+][OH-]) -log KW = -log[H+]+ -log[OH-] pKW = pH + pOH

KW = 1.0 x10-14

14.00 = pH + pOH

[H+],[OH-],pH and pOH Given any one of these we can find the other

three.

BasicAcidic Neutral

100

10-

1

10-

3

10-

5

10-

7

10-

9

10-

11

10-

13

10-

14

[H+]

0 1 3 5 7 9 11

13

14

pH

Basic

100

10-

1

10-

3

10-

5

10-

7

10-

9

10-

11

10-

13

10-

14

[OH-]

01357911

13

14

pOH

Strong Acids

HBr, HI, HCl, HNO3, H2SO4, HClO4

These acids completely dissociate Therefore, [H+] = [HA]

10-14 = [H+][OH-]

Weak Acids Ka will be small. ALWAYS WRITE THE MAJOR SPECIES. It will be an equilibrium problem from

the start. Determine whether most of the H+

will come from the acid or the water. Compare Ka or Kw

Rest is just like equilibrium chapter.

Example

Calculate the pH of 2.0 M acetic acid HC2H3O2 with a Ka 1.8 x10-5

Calculate pOH, [OH-], [H+]

A Mixture of Weak Acids The process is the same. Determine the major species. The stronger will predominate. Bigger Ka if concentrations are

comparable Calculate the pH of a mixture 1.20

M HF (Ka = 7.2 x 10-4) and 3.4 M HOC6H5 (Ka = 1.6 x 10-10)

Percent Dissociation = amount dissociated x 100

initial concentration For a weak acid percent dissociation

increases as acid becomes more dilute. Calculate the % dissociation of 1.00 M

and .00100 M Acetic acid (Ka = 1.8 x 10-5

As [HA]0 decreases [H+] decreases but

% dissociation increases. Le Chatelier

The Other Way What is the Ka of a weak acid that

is 8.1 % dissociated as 0.100 M solution?

Bases The OH-

is a strong base. Hydroxides of the alkali metals are

strong bases because they dissociate completely when dissolved.

The hydroxides of alkaline earths Ca(OH)2 etc. are strong dibasic

bases, but they don’t dissolve well in water.

Used as antacids because [OH- ] can’t

build up.

Bases without OH-

Bases are proton acceptors.

NH3 + H2O NH4+ + OH-

It is the lone pair on nitrogen that accepts the proton.

Many weak bases contain N B(aq) + H2O(l) BH+(aq) + OH-

(aq)

Kb = [BH+][OH- ] [B]

Strength of Bases

N:

Hydroxides are strong. Others are weak. Smaller Kb weaker base.

Calculate the pH of a solution of 4.0 M pyridine (Kb = 1.7 x 10-9)

Polyprotic Acids Always dissociate stepwise. The first H+ comes of much easier

than the second. Ka for the first step is much bigger

than Ka for the second. Denoted Ka1, Ka2, Ka3

Polyprotic Acids What does K stand for? Is it easier to remove the first or

second ionizable proton? Is is easier to remove the first. The K values become successively

smaller as successive protons are removed.

You will need to do 2 or more ice boxes.

Polyprotic AcidH2CO3 H+ + HCO3

-1 Ka1= 4.3 x

10-7

HCO3-1 H+ + CO3

-2 Ka2= 4.3 x 10-

10

Base in first step is acid in second. In calculations we can normally ignore

the second dissociation.

Calculate the Concentration

Of all the ions in a solution of 1.00 M Arsenic acid H3AsO4

Ka1 = 5.0 x 10-3

Ka2 = 8.0 x 10-8

Ka3 = 6.0 x 10-10

Sulfuric Acid is Special In first step it is a strong acid. Ka2 = 1.2 x 10-2

Calculate the concentrations in a 2.0 M solution of H2SO4

Calculate the concentrations in a 2.0 x 10-3 M solution of H2SO4

Salts A salt is an ionic compound formed

by the reaction between an acid and a base.

Salts are strong electrolytes that completely dissociate into ions in water.

Salts of the cation of strong bases and the anion of strong acids are neutral.

for example NaCl, KNO3

Salts that Produce Neutral Solutions

Basic Salts If the anion of a salt is the conjugate

base of a weak acid - basic solution. In an aqueous solution of NaF The major species are Na+, F-, and H2O F- + H2O HF + OH-

Kb =[HF][OH-] [F- ]

but Ka = [H+][F-] [HF]

Basic Salts

Ka x Kb = [HF][OH-] x [H+][F-]

[F- ] [HF]

Basic Salts

Ka x Kb = [HF][OH-] x [H+][F-]

[F- ] [HF]

Ka x Kb =[OH-] [H+]

Ka x Kb = KW

Ka tells us Kb The anion of a weak acid is a weak

base. Calculate the pH of a solution of

1.00 M NaCN. Ka of HCN is 6.2 x 10-10

The CN- ion competes with OH- for the H+

Acidic Salts A salt with the cation of a weak base

and the anion of a strong acid will be basic.

The same development as bases leads to

Ka x Kb = KW

Calculate the pH of a solution of 0.40 M NH4Cl (the Kb of NH3 1.8 x 10-5).

Other acidic salts are those of highly charged metal ions.

Anion of weak acid, cation of weak base

Ka > Kb acidic

Ka < Kb basic

Ka = Kb Neutral

Structure and Acid Base Properties

Any molecule with an H in it is a potential acid.

The stronger the X-H bond the less acidic (compare bond dissociation energies).

The more polar the X-H bond the stronger the acid (use electronegativities).

The more polar H-O-X bond -stronger acid.

Strength of Oxyacids The more oxygen hooked to the

central atom, the more acidic the hydrogen.

HClO4 > HClO3 > HClO2 > HClO

Remember that the H is attached to an oxygen atom.

The oxygens are electronegative Pull electrons away from hydrogen

Strength of Oxyacids

Electron Density

Cl O H

Strength of Oxyacids

Electron Density

Cl O HO

Strength of Oxyacids

Cl O H

O

O

Electron Density

Strength of Oxyacids

Cl O H

O

O

O

Electron Density

Hydrated Metals Highly charged

metal ions pull the electrons of surrounding water molecules toward them.

Make it easier for H+ to come off.

Al+3 OH

H

Acid-Base Properties of Oxides Non-metal oxides dissolved in

water can make acids. SO3 (g) + H2O(l) H2SO4(aq)

Ionic oxides dissolve in water to produce bases.

CaO(s) + H2O(l) Ca(OH)2(aq)

Lewis Acids and Bases Most general definition. Acids are electron pair acceptors. Bases are electron pair donors.

B FF

F

:NH

H

H

Lewis Acids and Bases Boron triflouride wants more

electrons.

B FF

F

:NH

H

H

Lewis Acids and Bases Boron triflouride wants more

electrons. BF3 is Lewis base NH3 is a Lewis

Acid.

BF

F

F

N

H

H

H

Lewis Acids and Bases

Al+3 ( )H

HO

Al ( )6

H

HO

+ 6

+3