CHAPTER 15: THERAPY Psychology in Action (9e). Introductory Definitions Psychotherapy: techniques...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 15: THERAPY Psychology in Action (9e). Introductory Definitions Psychotherapy: techniques...
CHAPTER 15: THERAPY
Psychology in Action (9e)
Introductory Definitions
Psychotherapy: techniques employed to improve psychological functioning & promote adjustment to life
Three major approaches to therapy:Insight (personal understanding)Behavior (maladaptive behaviors)Biomedical (mental illness &
medical treatments, such as drugs)
Four Major Forms of Insight Therapy
Psychoanalysis/psychodynamic
Cognitive
Humanistic
Group, Family, & Marital
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Psychoanalysis: Freudian therapy designed to bring unconscious conflicts into consciousness
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalyis/Psychodynamic
Five major techniques of psychoanalysis:
Insight Therapies: Psychoanalysis/Psychodynamic
Evaluation of psychoanalysis: limited applicability & lack of scientific credibility
Psychodynamic Therapy: briefer, more directive, & more modern form of psychoanalysis focusing on conscious processes & current problems
Insight Therapies: Cognitive
Cognitive Therapy: focuses on faulty thinking & beliefs
Improvement comes from insight into negative self-talk (internal dialogue)
Cognitive Restructuring: process of changing destructive thoughts or inappropriate interpretations
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
Albert Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT): eliminates emotional problems through rational examination of irrational beliefs
Aaron Beck’s form of Cognitive-Behavior Therapy works to change both thoughts & behaviors
Ellis’s Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT)
Beck’s Cognitive-Behavior Therapy
Depressive thought patterns: selective perceptionovergeneralizationmagnificationall-or-nothing thinking
Insight Therapies: Cognitive (Continued)
Evaluation of cognitive therapy Pro: Considerable success with
a range of problems
Con: Criticized for overemphasizing rationality, ignoring unconscious dynamics, minimizing importance of the past, etc.
Insight Therapies: Humanistic
Humanistic therapy: maximizes personal growth through affective restructuring (emotional readjustment)
Key assumption: Problems = blockage or disruption of normal growth potential, which leads to a defective self-concept.
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Cont.)
Rogers’s Client-Centered Therapy: emphasizes client’s natural tendency to become healthy & productive
Techniques include:empathyunconditional positive regardgenuinenessactive listening
Insight Therapies: Humanistic (Continued)
Evaluation of humanistic therapy
Pro: Evidence for success
Con: Basic tenets, such as self-actualization, difficult to test scientifically
Insight Therapies: Group, Family, & Marital Therapies
Group Therapy: a number of people meet together to work toward therapeutic goals
Family & Marital Therapies: work to change maladaptive family & couple interaction patterns
Behavior TherapiesBehavior Therapy: group of
techniques based on learning principles used to change maladaptive behaviors
Three foundations of behavior therapy:classical conditioningoperant conditioningobservational learning
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning
Systematic Desensitization: gradual process of extinguishing a learned fear (or phobia) by working through a hierarchy of fearful stimuli while remaining relaxed
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning & Driving Phobia
Behavior Therapies: Classical Conditioning
Aversion Therapy: pairing an aversive (unpleasant) stimulus with a maladaptive behavior
Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning techniques used to INCREASE adaptive behaviors:
Shaping: successive approximations of target behavior are rewarded; includes role-playing, behavior rehearsal, assertiveness training
Tokens: symbolic rewards used to immediately reinforce desired behavior
Behavior Therapies: Operant Conditioning
Operant conditioning techniques used to DECREASE maladaptive behaviors:
Extinction: withdrawal of attention
Punishment: adding or taking
away something (e.g., time-out)
Behavior Therapies: Observational Learning
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2010
Modeling: watching & imitating models that demonstrate desirable behaviors
Participant Modeling: combining live modeling with direct & gradual practice
Behavior Therapies (Continued)
Evaluation of behavior therapies:
Pro: Strong evidence for success with a wide range of problems
Con: Questioned & criticized for generalizability & ethics
Biomedical Therapies
Biomedical Therapy: uses physiological interventions, such as drugs, to treat psychological disorders
Three forms of biomedical therapy:PsychopharmacologyElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT)Psychosurgery
Biomedical Therapies: Psychopharmacology
Four major categories of drugs: 1. Antianxiety (increases relaxation,
reduces anxiety & muscle tension)2. Antipsychotic (treats hallucinations &
other symptoms of psychosis)3. Mood Stabilizer (treats manic episodes
& depression) 4. Antidepressant (treats symptoms of
depression)
Psychopharmacology—How Antidepressants Work
Biomedical Therapies (Continued)
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT): based on passing electrical current through the brain; used almost exclusively when other methods have failed
Psychosurgery: operative procedures on the brain designed to relieve severe mental symptoms that have not responded to other forms of treatment
Therapy & Critical ThinkingTherapy Essentials--Five Common Goals
Therapy & Critical Thinking: Institutionalization
Institutionalization—criteria for involuntary commitment:
– dangerous to self or others– believed to be in serious need
of treatment– no reasonable alternatives
Therapy & Critical Thinking: Institutionalization (Continued)
Deinstitutionalization: discharging as many people as possible from state hospitals & discouraging admissions
• Community services such as community mental health (CMH) centers work to cope with problems of deinstitutionalization.