Chapter 14 Stress and Illness - madison-schools.com
Transcript of Chapter 14 Stress and Illness - madison-schools.com
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Chapter14StressandIllness
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Stress
Psychologicalstatescausephysicalillness.Stressisanycircumstancethatmayberealorperceivedand
threatensone’swell‐being.
Whenseverestressisfeltitimpairsourabilitytocopewithit.
LeeStone/Corbis
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StressandCausesofDeath
Prolongedstress–togetherwithunhealthybehaviors–canincreaseourriskfortoday'sfourleading
diseases.
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BehavioralMedicine
CentersforDiseaseControl(CDC)proclaimthathalfofthedeathsintheUSareduetopeople’sbehaviors(smoking,alcoholism,unprotectedsex,insufficient
exercise,drugsandpoornutriPon).
Psychologistsandphysicianshavethusdevelopedaninterdisciplinaryfieldofbehavioralmedicinethatintegratesbehavioralandmedicalknowledge.
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HealthPsychology
Healthpsychologyisafieldofpsychologythatcontributestobehavioralmedicine.Thefieldstudies
stress‐relatedaspectsofdiseaseandasks:
1. HowdoemoPonsandpersonalityfactorsinfluenceriskofdisease?
2. WhataXtudesandbehaviorspreventillnessandpromotehealthandwell‐being?
3. HowourpercepPonsdeterminestress?
4. Howcanwereduceorcontrolstress?
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Stresscanbeadap:ve–inafearful(stresscausing)situaPonwecanrunawayandsaveourlives.Stresscanbemaladap:ve–ifitisprolonged(chronicstress)itincreasestheriskofillnessandhealth
problems.
StressandIllness
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StressandStressors
Stressisaslipperyconcept.AtPmesitisthesPmulus(missinganappointment)andatotherPmesitisa
response(sweaPngwhiletakingatest).
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StressandStressors
StressisnotmerelyasPmulusorresponse,itisprocessbywhichweappraiseandcopewith
environmentalthreatsandchallenges.
Whenshort‐livedortakenasachallenge,stressorscanhaveposiPveeffects.However,prolongedorthreateningstresscan
beharmful.
BobDaem
mrich/TheIm
ageWorks
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TheStressResponseSystem
Canonproposedthatstressresponse(fast)wasafight‐or‐flightresponsemarkedbyoutpourof
epinephrineandnorepinephrinefrominneradrenalglandsincreasingheartandrespiraPonrates,
mobilizingsugarandfatanddullingpain.
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TheStressResponseSystem
Thehypothalamusandthepituitaryglandalsorespondtostress(slow)
bytriggeringouteradrenalglandstosecreteglucocor,coids(corPsol).
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GeneralAdaptaPonSyndrome
AccordingtoSelyestressresponsetoanykindofsPmulaPonissimilar.Thestressedindividualgoes
throughthreephases.
EPA/YuriKoche
tkov/Land
ov
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StressfulLifeEvents
CatastrophicEvents:earthquakes,combatstress,floodsleadindividualsbecomingdepressed,
sleepless,andanxious.
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SignificantLifeChanges
Deathofalovedone,divorce,lossofjob,promoPonmayleaveindividualvulnerabletodisease.
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DailyHassles
Rushhourtraffic,longlines,jobstress,burnoutaremostsignificantsourcesofstressandcandamage
health
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StressandtheHeart
StressthatleadstoelevatedbloodpressureresultsinCoronaryHeartDiseasescloggingofthevesselsthat
nourishtheheartmuscle.
Plaqueincoronaryartery
Arteryclogged
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PersonalityTypes
TypeAatermusedforcompePPve,hard‐driving,impaPent,verballyaggressive,andanger‐prone
people.TypeBeasygoing,relaxedpeople(FriedmanandRosenman,1974).
TypeAaremorelikelytodevelopcoronaryheartdisease.
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PessimismandHeartDisease
PessimisPcadultmenaretwiceaslikelytodevelopheartdiseaseovera10yearperiod(Kubzanskyetal.,
2001).
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Stress&SuscepPbilitytoDisease
Psychophysicalillnessisanystress‐relatedphysicalillness,suchashypertensionorheadaches.
Hypochondriasis–misinterprePngnormalphysicalsensaPonsassymptomsofdisease.
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StressandtheImmuneSystem
BlymphocytesfightbacterialinfecPons,Tlymphocytesakackcancercells,viruses,and
microphagesingestforeignsubstances.Duringstressenergyismobilizedawayfromtheimmunesystem
makingitvulnerable.
LennartNilsson/BoehringerIngelheinInternaPonalG
mbH
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StressandColds
Peoplewithhighestlifestressscoreswerealsomostvulnerablewhenexperimentallyexposedtoacold
virus.
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StressandAIDS
StressandnegaPveemoPonsmayacceleratetheprogressionfromhumanimmunodeficiencyvirus
(HIV)toacquiredimmunedeficiencysyndrome(AIDS).UNAIDS/G
.Pirozzi
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StressandCancer
Stressdoesnotcreatecancercells.Researchersdisagreeonwhetherstressinfluencescancer
progression.TheydoagreethatavoidingstressandahopefulaXtudecannotreverseadvancedcancer.
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StressandImmuneCondiPoning
IftheimmunesystemcanbesuppressedthroughcondiPoning.Researchersbelievethatimmune
enhancingresponsescouldbeinculcatedtocombatviraldiseases.
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Health‐RelatedConsequences
Stresscanhaveavarietyofhealth‐relatedconsequences.
Kathleen
Finlay/M
asterfile
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CopingWithStress
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StrategiesForAlleviaPngStress
Reducingstressbychangingeventsthatcausestressorbychanginghowwereacttostressiscalled
problem‐focusedcoping.
WhenwecannotchangeastressfulsituaPon,andrespondbyakendingtoourownemoPonalneedsit
iscalledemoPon‐focusedcoping.
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PerceivedControl
Researchwithratsandhumanshasindicatedthatabsenceofcontroloverstressorsisapredictorof
healthproblems.
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ExplanatoryStyle
PeoplewithopPmisPc(comparedtopessimisPc)explanatorystyletendtohavemorecontroloverstressors,copebekerwithstressfulevents,havebekermoodsandhaveastrongerimmunesystem.
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SocialSupport
SupporPvefamilymembers,marriagepartners,andclosefriendshelppeoplecopewithstress.Their
immunefuncPoningcalmsthecardiovascularsystemandlowersbloodpressure.
BobDaemmrich/Stock,Boston
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ManagingStress
Havingasenseofcontrol,opPmisPcexplanatorystyle,socialsupportcanreducestressandimprove
health.
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AerobicExercise
Canaerobicexerciseboostthespirit?Manystudiessuggestthataerobicexercisecan
elevatemoodandwell‐being,becauseaerobicexerciseraisesenergy,
increasesself‐confidence,lowerstension,
depressionandanxiety.
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Biofeedback,RelaxaPonandMeditaPon
Biofeedbacksystemuseselectronicdevicestoinform
peopleabouttheirphysiologicalresponses,andgivesthemthechancetobringtheirresponseintoahealthierrange.RelaxaPonandmeditaPonhavesimilareffectsinreducingtension
andanxiety.
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Life‐Style
ModifyingTypeAlife‐stylecanreducerecurrenceofheartakacks.
GhislainandMarieDavidDeLossy/Gek
yIm
ages
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Spirituality&FaithCommuniPes
Regularreligiousakendancehasbeenareliablepredictorofalongerlifespanwithareducedriskof
dying.
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InterveningFactors
InvesPgatorssuggestthreefactorsthatintervenebetweenreligiousinvolvementandbekerhealth.
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ManagingStress:Summary
Howcanstressbemanaged?
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ModifyingIllness‐RelatedBehaviors
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ModifyingIllness‐RelatedBehaviors
EliminatesmokingwouldincreaselifeexpectancymorethananyotherprevenPvemeasure.
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WhyPeopleSmoke?
1. Peoplesmokebecauseitissociallyrewarding.
2. SmokingalsoresultsbecauseofgenePcfactors.
RusselEinhorn/TheGam
maLiasonN
etwork
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WhyPeopleSmoke?
3. NicoPnetakesawayunpleasantcravings(negaPvereinforcement)bytriggeringepinephrine,norepinephrine,dopamineandendorphins.
4. NicoPneisitselfrewarding(posiPvereinforcement).
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BiopsychosocialFactors:Smoking
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HelpingSmokersQuit
Smokinghasdecreasedinwesterncountries,especiallyinhighersocioeconomicandeducaPonal
levelgroups.
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WaystoQuitSmoking
1. Setaquitdate.
2. Informfamilyandfriends.3. Removeallcigarekes.4. Reviewsuccessfulstrategies.
5. UsenicoPnepatchorgum.6. Abstainfromalcohol.7. Exercise.
Afewpointerstoquitsmokingare:
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SmokingAbsPnencePrograms
SmokingabsPnenceprogramsforteens:
1. InformaPonabouttheeffectsofsmoking
2. InformaPonaboutpeer,parent&mediainfluence3. Traininginrefusalskills
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DoProgramsWork?
PrevenPonprogramsdohaveaneffectonsmoking.
PaulJ.Milek
e/PalmBeachPost
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ObesityandWeightControl
Fatisanidealformofstoredenergyandisreadilyavailable.InPmesoffamine
overweightbodiessignaledaffluence.
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BodyMassIndex(BMI)
Obesityinchildrenincreasestheriskofdiabetes,highblood
pressure,heartdisease,gallstones,arthriPs,
certaintypesofcancer,thusshorteninglife‐
expectancy.
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ObesityandMortality
Thedeathrateishighamongveryoverweightmen.
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SocialEffectsofObesity
Whenwomenapplicantsweremadetolookoverweight,subjectswerelesswillingtohirethem.
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PhysiologyofObesity
FatCells:Thereare30‐40millionfatcellsinthebody.Thesecellscanincreaseinsizeorincreaseinnumber(75million)inanobeseindividual(Sjöstrum,1980).
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SetPointsandMetabolism
Whenreducedfrom3,500to450caloriesweightlosswasaminimal6%andthemetabolicrateamere15%.
Obesedefendtheirweightbyconservingenergy.
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TheGenePcFactor
IdenPcaltwinstudiesrevealthatbodyweighthasgenePcbases.
ObesemouseatlethasdefecPvegeneforhormonelepPn,WheninjectedwithlepPnthemouseontheright
sheds40%ofitsweight.
CourtesyofJohnSolPs,TheRockefellerUniversity,N
ewYork,N
Y
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AcPvity
Lackofexerciseisamajorcontributortoobesity.JustwatchingTVfortwohoursresultedin23%ofweightincrease,whenotherfactorswerecontrolled(Huet
al.,2003).
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FoodConsumpPon
Overthepast40yearsaverageweightgainhasincreased.HealthprofessionalsarecajolingUS
ciPzenstolimittheirfoodintake.
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TradingRisks
ThoughcigarekesmokingovertheyearshasdeclinedintheAmericas,obesityisontherise.
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LosingWeight
InUS,two‐thirdsofwomenandhalfofmensaythattheywanttoloseweight.Themajorityofthemlose
moneyondietprograms.
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PlantoLoseWeight
Toloseweightbeginaweight‐lossprogramwhenmoPvated,minimizeexposuretotempPngfoodcues,exerciseasmallamounteveryday,forgiveyourselffor
lapses.
JoeR.Liuzzo
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AlternaPveMedicineOthermedicinalwaysofachievinghealth.