Chapter 14: Peripheral Nervous System
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Transcript of Chapter 14: Peripheral Nervous System
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Chapter 14: Peripheral Nervous System
PowerPoint by John McGillSupplemental Notes
by Beth Wyatt
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Nerv
ou
s Syste
m
Org
an
izatio
n
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I. SPINAL NERVES
• OVERVIEW• DEFINITION
• Nerves That Extend Off the Spinal Cord (Emerge From the Spinal Cavity)
• NUMBER: 31 Pair
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Sp
inal N
erv
es
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I. SPINAL NERVES•C1-C8
•CERVICAL NERVES
•T1-T12•THORACIC NERVES
•L1-L5•LUMBAR NERVES
•SACRAL NERVES•S1-S5
•COCCYGEAL NERVES•1 PAIR
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• They are NOT “named.”• LETTERS
• INDICATE REGIONS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
• NUMBERS• INDICATE HOW MANY OF
EACH TYPE (EACH PAIRED)
SPINAL NERVES are IDENTIFIED BY LETTERS AND
NUMBERS
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SPINAL NERVES are IDENTIFIED BY LETTERS AND NUMBERS
• THE LETTERS AND NUMBERS INDICATE WHERE THE NERVES EXIT SPINAL CAVITY•C1-C7 Exit Above C1-C7
Vertebrae•C8 Exits Below C7 Vertebra•Thoracics and Lumbars Exit Below
Their Respective Vertebrae•Sacrals Exit Through Openings in
Sacrum•Coccygeals Pass Over Coccyx
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CAUDA EQUINA ( Horse’s Tail )
• Describes the Appearance of the Bottom of the Spinal Cord
• Reason: Spinal Cord Ends at Bottom of the 1st Lumbar Vertebra;
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CAUDA EQUINA ( Horse’s Tail )
• Means That Lumbar, Sacral, and Coccygeal Nerves Hang in a Bundle at the Bottom of the SC Before Exiting at Their Respective Locations
• Causes the Bottom of the Spinal Cord to Resemble a Cauda Equina
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SPINAL NERVES ARE MIXED NERVES
• The spinal nerves carry both sensory and motor messages and are called “mixed nerves.”
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SPINAL NERVE STRUCTURE
• NERVE ROOTS: Join Spinal Nerves to Spinal Cord• VENTRAL ROOTS
• NF OF EFFERENT NEURONS
• DORSAL ROOTS• NF OF AFFERENT NEURONS
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SPINAL NERVE ROOTS
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RAMI (RAMUS)• The Major Branches of a Spinal Nerve• Each Spinal Nerve Has 2 Rami
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RAMI (RAMUS) DESCRIPTION• The spinal nerve trunk
emerges laterally from the intervertebral foramen
• The trunk divides into two major branches (The anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal) primary rami (ramus, singular))
• The posterior primary rami go to the back.
• The anterior primary rami go to the sides and front of the body, and to the upper and lower members.
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DORSAL RAMUS• AREAS SUPPLIED
•Provides Nerve Supply to Posterior Head, Neck, and Trunk
•Contains Both Afferent and Efferent (Somatic) Nerve Fibers
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VENTRAL RAMUS (More Complex)
• AREAS SUPPLIED•Lateral and Anterior Neck and
Trunk as well as Extremities•Contains Both Afferent and
Efferent (Somatic & Autonomic) Nerve Fibers
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VENTRAL RAMUS (More Complex)
• NERVE PLEXUSES are only found on ventral rami
• DEFINITION• Complex Nerve Network• The Ventral Rami of
Most Spinal Nerves Form Plexuses (Not T2 ‑ T12)
• Formed when the Ventral Rami of Several Spinal Nerves Exchange Fibers
• (Fibers Recombine) to Form New Nerves that Supply Specific Areas
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Ple
xu
s
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Ple
xu
s
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VENTRAL RAMUS (Comments from the text)
• Fibers of several rami join to form individual nerves.
• Each nerve emerging from a plexus contains all the fibers that innervate a body region.
• Destination is basis for nerve’s name.• The plexus reduces the number of
nerves needed to supply a body part.• Since plexi are composed of fibers from
different spinal nerves, damage to one spinal nerve does not mean a complete loss of function in a body region
• But Instead, Partial Loss of Function in Several Areas
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MAJOR PLEXUSES (ALL ARE PAIRED): CERVICAL PLEXUS
• CERVICAL PLEXUS•Formed by the Ventral Rami of
C1‑C4 and a Branch of Ventral Ramus of C5
•Provides Nerve Supply to Neck and Upper Shoulders and Part of Head
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CERVICAL PLEXUS
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MAJOR PLEXUSES (ALL ARE PAIRED):BRACHIAL PLEXUS
• BRACHIAL PLEXUS•Formed by the Ventral Rami of
C5‑T1•Provides Nerve Supply to Lower
Shoulders and Arms
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BRACHIAL PLEXUS
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MAJOR PLEXUSES (ALL ARE PAIRED): LUMBAR PLEXUS
• LUMBAR PLEXUS•Formed by the Ventral Rami of
L1‑L4
• SACRAL PLEXUS•Formed by the Ventral Rami of L4,
L5, & S1‑S4
• *Note: Together the Lumbar and the Sacral Plexuses (also the Coccygeal Plexus) Are Known as the Lumbosacral Plexus that Provides Nerve Supply to the Lower Trunk and the Legs
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LUMBOSACRAL PLEXUS
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Plexus Notes
• * Coccygeal Plexus: Formed by S4, S5, and Coccygeal Nerves
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GENERALIZATIONS ABOUT SPINAL NERVES
• Spinal Nerves Are Not Named; •However, the Nerves That Emerge
From Plexuses Often Are Named•Examples: Phrenic Nerve, Sciatic
Nerve
• There is a Close Relationship Between Where a Spinal Nerve Exits the Spinal Cavity and the Area the Nerve Supplies
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CRANIAL NERVES
• DEFINITION• Nerves That
Attach to the Undersurface of the Brain (Mainly the Brainstem)
• 12 Pair
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CRANIAL NERVES
• IDENTIFICATION• By Names and
Numbers
• NAMES• MAY INDICATE
NERVE’S FUNCTION• MAY INDICATE AREA
THE NERVE SUPPLIES
• NUMBERS• ROMAN NUMERALS• ORDER IN WHICH
NERVE EMERGES FROM ANTERIOR TO POSTERIOR
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NERVE TYPES• Some Cranial Nerves Are Mixed,
Some Are Sensory, Some Are Motor • Saying to Remember Nerve Types:
Some Say Marry Money, But My Brothers Say Bad Business Marry Money
• MIXED NERVES: V, VII, IX, X• SENSORY NERVES: I, II, VIII• MOTOR NERVES: III, IV, VI, XI, XII
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NAMES, NUMBERS, FUNCTIONS
CRANIAL NERVE I • OLFACTORY NERVE
• Sensory• Function: Smell
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CRANIAL NERVE II
• OPTIC NERVE• Sensory• Function:
Vision
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CRANIAL NERVE III • OCULOMOTOR
NERVE• Motor• Functions:
• Eye Movements
• Regulation of Pupil Size
• Accomodation
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CRANIAL NERVE IV
• TROCHLEAR NERVE • Motor• Function: Eye Movements
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CRANIAL NERVE V
• TRIGEMINAL NERVE • Mixed• Functions:
• Sensory: Sensations of Head and Face• Motor: Chewing
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CRANIAL NERVE V
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CRANIAL NERVE VI
• ABDUCENS NERVE•Motor•Function: Lateral Eye Movements
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CRANIAL NERVE VII
• FACIAL NERVE •Mixed•Functions:
•Sensory: Taste•Motor:
– Facial Expressions
– Secretion of Saliva and Tears
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CRANIAL NERVE VIII
• Vestibulocochlear• Sensory Functions: Hearing and Equilibrium
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CRANIAL NERVE IX• GLOSSOPHARYNGEAL
NERVE• Mixed• Functions:
• Sensory: Taste (and General Sensations of Tongue)
• Motor: Swallowing, Secretion of Saliva
• NOTE: This nerve is also involved in the reflexes of BP and respiration.
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CRANIAL NERVE X• X VAGUS NERVE
• Mixed• Functions:
• Sensory: Sensations in Organs Supplied
• Motor: Movements of Organs Supplied (i.e., Slows Heart, Increases Peristalsis)
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CRANIAL NERVE XI• ACCESSORY NERVE
Motor• Functions:• Turning Movements
of Head• Shoulder
Movements• Movements of
Organs Supplied• Voice Production
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CRANIAL NERVE XII
• HYPOGLOSSAL NERVE• Motor• Function: Tongue Movements
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Saying Used to Remember the Names of the Cranial
Nerves• On• Old• Olympus‘• Tiny• Tops• A
• Friendly• Viking• Grew• Vines• And• Hops”
• On• Old• Olympus‘• Tiny• Tops• A
• Friendly• Viking• Grew• Vines• And• Hops”
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• Only• Old• Octopi• Trade• Tracks• At• Friendly
• Vertebrate• Grasslands• In• Vagus• Ad• Hoc
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III. FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Based on Direction in Which Neurons Conduct Nerve Impulses•AFFERENT (SENSORY) DIVISION
•aa, like baa•Af = toward•Consists of all Afferent Neurons• Includes all Spinal Nerves (Afferent
Fibers)as well as Cranial Nerves Which are Sensory and Mixed (Afferent Fibers)
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III. FUNCTIONAL DIVISIONS OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
•EFFERENT (MOTOR) DIVISION•ee, like Lee or eff, like Jeff•Ef = away from•Consists of all Efferent Neurons• Includes all Spinal Nerves (Efferent
Fibers)as well as Cranial Nerves Which are Motor and Mixed (Efferent Fibers)
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Two Efferent Subdivisions OF THE PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
•Two Subdivisions (Based on Effectors)– SOMATIC MOTOR NERVOUS SYSTEM
• Effectors are Voluntary: Skeletal Muscles
– THE AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
• Effectors are Involuntary: Cardiac Muscle, Smooth Muscle, and Glands
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ANS has 2 Divisions:Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
• SYMPATHETIC DIVISION• THORACOLUMBAR• Nerves of the
Sympathetic Division Branch from Thoracic Spinal Nerves (T1‑T12) and from some Lumbar Spinal Nerves (L1‑L4)
• Explanation: Spinal Nerves are Mixed, Their Efferent Nerve Fibers are Somatic and Autonomic; The Autonomic Fibers are Sympathetic Nerves
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ANS has 2 Divisions:Sympathetic and Parasympathetic
• PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION• CRANIOSACRAL• Nerves of the Parasympathetic
Division Branch from some Cranial Nerves (III, VII, IX, X, XI) and from some Sacral Spinal Nerves (S2‑S4)
• Explanation: Cranial Nerves III and XI are Motor, the Remaining Cranial Nerves Listed (VII, IX, X) are Mixed; Spinal Nerves are Mixed; Efferent Fibers in All These Nerves are Somatic and Autonomic; The Autonomic Fibers are Parasympathetic Nerves
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b. FUNCTIONS OF THE ANS
• OVERVIEW OF ANS FUNCTIONS•ANS REGULATES AUTONOMIC
EFFECTORS IN WAYS THAT MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS
•BOTH DIVISIONS:•CONTINUALLY CONDUCT NI'S TO
AUTONOMIC EFFECTORS (TONICALLY ACTIVE)
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b. FUNCTIONS OF THE ANS
• EXERT ANTAGONISTIC INFLUENCES ON AUTONOMIC EFFECTORS
– Ex: If Sympathetic Division Stimulates an Autonomic Effector, then the Parasympathetic Division will Inhibit the Autonomic Effector
– *NOTE: ACTUAL EFFECT DEPENDS ON WHICH DIVISION DOMINATES (SITUATION)
•ANS INFLUENCED BY CEREBRAL CORTEX AND HYPOTHALAMUS
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FUNCTIONS OF SYMPATHETIC DIVISION
• MAJOR FUNCTION• DURING STRESS PRODUCES THE FIGHT OR
FLIGHT REACTION• (SERVES AS THE BODY'S EMERGENCY
SYSTEM)
•Dominates during Stress (Physical or Psychological)
•During Stress Produces "Fight or Flight“ Reaction
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Fight or Flight" Reaction
• A Collection of Changes in Autonomic Effectors which are Designed to Prepare the Individual to Respond to the Stress
• The Major Goal of all the Changes is to Get Skeletal Muscles Prepared to Expend Maximum Energy
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SUMMARY OF MAJOR CHANGES THAT OCCUR IN THE FIGHT OR FLIGHT REACTION:
• *CARDIAC MUSCLE: • Rate/Strength of Heartbeat Increases
• *SMOOTH MUSCLE: • Of Blood Vessels
• Coronary, Skeletal Muscle: Dilate• Digestive Organ:
• Constrict• Of Hollow Organs
• Respiratory Airways: Dilate• Digestive Tract: Peristalsis Decreases
• *GLANDS• Sweat Glands: Production of Sweat Increases• Liver: Glycogen -----> Glucose• Adrenal Medulla: Secretion of Epinephrine
(Adrenalin) Increases
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SYMPATHETIC DURING NONSTRESS
• DOMINATES SOME AUTONOMIC EFFECTORS
• MAINTAINS THEIR NORMAL FUNCTION• Ex: Cardiac Muscle
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FUNCTIONS OF PARASYMPATHETIC DIVISION• DOMINATES MOST
AUTONOMIC EFFECTORS DURING NONSTRESS•Rest and Repair Division•Promotes Normal Digestive
System Activities•(For Example: Peristalsis and
Elimination)
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• http://www.octc.kctcs.edu/gcaplan/anat/Notes/API%20Notes%20M%20%20Peripheral%20Nerves.htm
• http://www.teaching-biomed.man.ac.uk/resources/wwwcal/cranial_nerves/page2.asp