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CHAPTER 14 Campaigns and Elections. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 2...
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Transcript of CHAPTER 14 Campaigns and Elections. Learning Objectives Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning 2...
CHAPTER 14CHAPTER 14Campaigns and ElectionsCampaigns and Elections
Learning Objectives Learning Objectives
Copyright © 2014 Cengage Learning2
Describe the historical development of the presidential selection process
Describe the activities of presidential candidates as they compete for the “invisible primary”
Distinguish between primaries and caucuses, and assess how the timing of those contests plays a role in the outcome of the nomination process
Assess the role of national party conventions
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
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Compare and contrast incumbent races and open elections
Describe the strategies that candidates use to win elections
Critique the electoral college system
Learning ObjectivesLearning Objectives
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Compare and contrast the factors that explain vote choices
Assess the impact of money on presidential campaigns, and describe the laws governing campaign finance
Define the power of incumbency, turnout levels, and presidential coattails in congressional elections
American Presidential ElectionsAmerican Presidential Electionsin Historical Perspectivein Historical Perspective
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Constitution does not include information on selecting a president
Founders envisioned presidential selection by men at a lofty level above partisan politics
Political parties supply framework for elections
American Presidential ElectionsAmerican Presidential Electionsin Historical Perspectivein Historical Perspective
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The Nomination Phase Political parties select their “party ticket” Constitution did not account for process of
nomination Process has evolved throughout the years
American Presidential ElectionsAmerican Presidential Electionsin Historical Perspectivein Historical Perspective
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Five Stages of contemporary presidential selection Prenomination campaign Nomination campaign National conventions General election campaign Electoral college decision
The Prenomination CampaignThe Prenomination Campaign
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Potential candidates “test the waters” Begins the “weeding out” process Invisible primary
Competition for front-runner status
The Nomination CampaignThe Nomination Campaign
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Primaries and Caucuses Presidential primary Open primary Closed primary Caucus
The Nomination CampaignThe Nomination Campaign
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Importance of Iowa and New Hampshire Contests Small states with few delegates Traditionally are the first two contests Winner receives greater media attention Loser written off as “unelectable” Causes frontloading Super Tuesday
The Nomination CampaignThe Nomination Campaign
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Nominating Conventions Historically
Discussed the party platform Selected the candidate to represent the party
Today Week-long forum for parties and nominees Introduce nominee to voters Formally kick off the campaign
The General Election CampaignThe General Election Campaign
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Incumbent Race versus Open Election Incumbent: campaign focuses on past performance Open: less focused on the past
Choice of a Vice Presidential Candidate Attempt to balance ideological views and
geographic coverage
The General Election CampaignThe General Election Campaign
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Gathering a Winning Coalition of States Strong Republican states - red
Strong Democratic states - blue
Battleground (“swing”) states - gold
The General Election CampaignThe General Election Campaign
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Presidential Debates Kennedy/Nixon first to generate interest Large amount of attention paid to the debates Impact on the outcome is unclear
Advertising TV ads are important Heighten name recognition Negative ads
The General Election CampaignThe General Election Campaign
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Electoral College Vote Winner must receive majority of electoral
college’s 538 votes Number of electoral votes states receive
Number of senators plus number of representatives Can change as a result of the official census Minimum votes is three
Unit rule Winner take all system
The Electoral College MapThe Electoral College Map
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Americans’ Support Using Popular Americans’ Support Using Popular Vote to Select the PresidentVote to Select the President
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Making a Vote ChoiceMaking a Vote Choice
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Candidate Familiarity Most basic voting cue is name recognition
Party Identification Psychological attachment that affects voting
Issue Voting Vote for someone who has same view on an issue Most sophisticated type of voting behavior
Making a Vote ChoiceMaking a Vote Choice
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Retrospective Voting Evaluating an incumbent’s past performance Job approval rating
Candidate Image Voting Perception of candidate to the voter Strong use of media
Campaign Funding Campaign Funding
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Funding is increasingly expensive One of the most important functions of
campaign Good candidates have ability to raise money
Fundraising by Presidential Fundraising by Presidential Candidates 1976-2008Candidates 1976-2008
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Campaign Funding Campaign Funding
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Sources of Funding Individual citizens Interest groups Political action committees (PACs) Political parties House or Senate campaign war chest Federal and state governments Internet Personal wealth
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Campaign Funding Campaign Funding
Campaign Funding Campaign Funding
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Regulating Campaign Financing Federal Election Campaign Act (FECA)
Hard money Soft money
Federal Election Commission (FEC) Independent campaign expenditures
Supports the campaign but not a direct contribution
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BCRA) Regulates soft money
Congressional Campaigns Congressional Campaigns and Electionsand Elections
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Presidential election years All 435 seats in the House and one-third of the
Senate seats are contested
Midterm congressional elections Midway between presidential elections All 435 House seats and another one-third of the
Senate seats are contested
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Congressional Campaigns Congressional Campaigns and Electionsand Elections
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Midterm elections Voter turnout tends to be lower No presidential coattail effect Favor candidates in party opposite the president’s
Congressional Campaigns Congressional Campaigns and Electionsand Elections
Congressional Campaigns Congressional Campaigns and Electionsand Elections
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Power of incumbency Returned to office at high rates Name recognition Safe seats Marginal seats Franking privilege
Safe Seats in CongressSafe Seats in Congress
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