Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The...
Transcript of Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The...
![Page 1: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 1
Chapter 13
The Commonwealth of Byzantium
![Page 2: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 2
The Early Byzantine Empire
n Capital: Byzantium n On the Bosporus n Commercial, strategic value of location n Constantine names capital after himself
(Constantinople), moves capital there 340 CE n 1453 falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul
![Page 3: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 3
The Later Roman Empire and Byzantium
n Byzantine Empire inherits Roman Empire after fall of Rome in 5th c. CE
n Eastern territories remain major power until 13th c. CE
![Page 4: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 4
The Later Roman Empire
n Roman infrastructure in place q Roads, institutional hierarchies
n Challenges from strong Persian empire (Sassanid dynasty, 226-641 CE)
n Invasions of Germanic peoples
![Page 5: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 5
Caesaropapism
n Power centralized in figure of Emperor n Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather
divine authority n Political rule n Involved in Religious rule as well n Authority absolute
![Page 6: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 6
The Byzantine Court
n Etiquette reinforces authority of Emperor q Royal purple q Prostration q Mechanical devices designed to inspire awe
![Page 7: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 7
Justinian (527-565 CE)
n The “sleepless emperor” n Wife Theodora as advisor
q Background: circus performer n Uses army to contain tax riots, ambitious
construction program q Hagia Sophia
n Law Code definitive for centuries
![Page 8: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 8
Byzantine Conquests
n General Belisarius recaptures much of western Roman Empire under Justinian
n Unable to consolidate control of territories n Withdrew to defend empire from Sassanids, Slavs
![Page 9: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 9
The Byzantine empire and its neighbors 527-554 C.E.
![Page 10: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 10
Islamic Conquests and Byzantine Revival
n 7th century Arab Muslim expansion n Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 n Defense made possible through use of “greek
fire”
![Page 11: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 11
Imperial Organization
n Themes (provinces) under control of generals n Military administration n Control from central imperial government n Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land
grants
![Page 12: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 12
Tensions with Western Europe
n Church q Byzantine: Greek; Roman: Latin q Conflicts over hierarchical control
n Fealty of Germanic peoples q Roman pope crowns Charlemagne in 800, a challenge
to Byzantine authority
![Page 13: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 13
Byzantine Economy and Society
n Constantinople largest city in Europe, 5th-13th c. n Dependent on small landholders, free peasants n Earlier large landholdings destroyed by invasions
in 6th-7th centuries n Theme system rewards soldiers with land grants
![Page 14: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 14
Decline of the Free Peasantry
n Large landholdings on the increase n Reduces tax revenues, recruits to military n Last three centuries indicate steady decline of
economy
![Page 15: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 15
Manufacturing and Trade
n Trade routes bring key technologies, e.g. silk industry n Advantage of location causes crafts and industry to
expand after 6th century n Tax revenues from silk route n Banking services develop
![Page 16: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 16
Urban Life
n Aristocrats: palances; artisans: apartments; working poor: communal living spaces
n Hippodrome q Chariot races, “greens vs. blues” q Politically inspired rioting
![Page 17: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 17
Orthodox Christianity
n Legacy of Classical Greece q Greek replaces Latin after 6th c. CE; language of New
Testament n Byzantine education sponsors development of
large literate class for state bureaucracy q Training in classical canon
![Page 18: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18
The Byzantine Church
n Church and state closely aligned n Council of Nicea (325) bans Arian movement
q Human/divine nature of Jesus q Constantine favors Arians, but supports Nicean
condemnation n Byzantine Emperors appoint Patriarchs n Caesaropapism creates dissent in church
![Page 19: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 19
Iconoclasm
n Emperor Leo III (r. 717-741 CE) n Destruction of icons after 726 n Popular protest, rioting n Policy abandoned 843
![Page 20: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 20
Greek Philosophy and Byzantine Theology
n Attempt to reconcile Greek philosophy with Judeo-Christianity
n Constantine establishes school to apply philosophical methods to religious questions
![Page 21: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 21
Ascetism
n Hermit-like existence n Celibacy n Fasting n Prayer n St. Simeon Stylite
q Lived atop pillar for years
![Page 22: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 22
Byzantine Monasticism and St. Basil (329-379 CE) n Patriarch of Constantinople reforms monasteries
q Communal living q Hierarchical structure
n Mt. Athos q No women, female animals allowed
![Page 23: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 23
Tensions between Eastern and Western Christianity n Ritual disputes
q Beards on clergy q Leavened bread for Mass
n Theological disputes q Iconoclasm q Nature of the Trinity
![Page 24: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 24
Schism
n Arguments over hierarchy, jurisdiction n Autonomy of Patriarchs, or Primacy of Rome? n 1054 Patriarch of Constantinople and Pope of
Rome excommunicate each other q East: Orthodox Church q West: Roman Catholic
![Page 25: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 25
Social Problems in the Byzantine Empire n Generals of themes become allied with local
aristocrats q Intermarry, create class of elite
n Occasional rebellions vs. Imperial Rule
![Page 26: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 26
Challenges from the West
n Western European economic development n Normans from Scandinavia press on Byzantine
territories n Crusades of 12th-13th centuries rampage through
Byzantine territory q Constantinople sacked, 1204
![Page 27: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 27
Challenges from the East
n Muslim Saljuqs invade Anatolia q Threatens grain supply
n Defeat Byzantine army in 1071, creates civil conflict
n Period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 q Renamed Istanbul
![Page 28: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 28
The Byzantine empire and its neighbors about 1100 C.E.
![Page 29: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 29
Influence on Slavic Cultures
n Relations from 6th c. CE n Bulgaria influenced culturally, politically n Saints Cyril and Methodius
q Create Cyrillic alphabet n Slavic lands develop orientation to Byzantium
![Page 30: Chapter 13 Bentley - LPSwp.lps.org/tlarson/files/2013/08/Chapter-13.pdfCopyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 18 ... Chapter](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042620/5aeb94857f8b9a3b2e8e2833/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Copyright © 2006 The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. Permission Required for Reproduction or Display. 30
Kievan Rus’
n Conversion of Prince Vladimir, 989 n Byzantine culture influences development of
Slavic cultures n Distinctively Slavic Orthodox church develops n Eventual heir to Byzantium