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• LAST ATTEMPTS TO COMPROMISE (368)

– When Abraham Lincoln took office in 1861, the nation stood on the brink of collapse

– Seven southern states had already seceded from the Union

• South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas

• LAST ATTEMPTS TO COMPROMISE (368)

– To preserve the Union, Senator John J. Crittenden of Kentucky had proposed the Crittenden Compromise in December of 1860.

– The Crittenden Compromise called for the old Missouri Compromise Line to be drawn west through the remaining territories. North of the line slavery is banded, but South of the line slavery could be practiced.

– President-elect Abraham Lincoln did not like this plan

• LAST ATTEMPTS TO COMPROMISE (368)

– Lincoln did not like the Crittenden Compromise because it allowed slavery to spread South of the Missouri Compromise line proposed by Crittenden.

– Instead, Lincoln said slavery could stay where it already existed, but could not spread to new territories or new States

– Lincoln was determined to preserve the Union. In his inaugural speech, Lincoln insisted to southerners that secession from the Union is unconstitutional.

• THE FALL OF FORT SUMTER (369-370)– The Confederacy took over

many federal forts, mints, arsenals within its border during the secession crisis. One fort that was very important to the South-Fort Sumter was still under Federal Control. Control under the United States of America

– Fort Sumter was in a good location in the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina.

– The South needed Fort Sumter in order to control access to this major port city (Charleston South Carolina)

• THE FALL OF FORT SUMTER (369-370)– The North did not want to lose Fort Sumter. It

would be a sign that Abraham Lincoln could not protect federal property in the seceded states.

– Fort Sumter, under the control of the United States, was under control of the Fort’s commander, Major Robert Anderson. Anderson said they were out of weapons and needed more. If Lincoln supplied the Fort with weapons the other Southern States were going to secede from the Union.

– So, Lincoln only sent supplies not troops and weapons so the southern states wouldn’t leave over Lincoln giving the Fort weapons.

– At 4:30 A.M. on April 12, 1861, the Confederate forces opened fire on Fort Sumter

– For 34 hours the Confederates bombarded Fort Sumter

– Major Robert Anderson and his men formally surrendered on April 13

– On April 15, 1860, Lincoln publicly announced the existence of rebellion from the South

– Lincoln called for 75,000 United States soldiers to put down the Confederate uprising

• CHOOSING SIDES: (370)– More southern states now start

to secede from the Union. The Confederates named Richmond, Virginia, as their capital.

– Some families were torn apart as members fought on opposing sides during the Civil War.

– President Lincoln’s wife, Mary Todd, a southerner by birth, had 4 brothers and 3 brothers-in-laws fighting for the Confederate army.

• COMPARING NORTH AND SOUTH: (371)

– Northern Advantages1. Bigger Population than the South =

more soldiers2. North had an economic advantage =

North controlled more than 85% of the nation’s industry and significant resources = this helped the North produce military supplies and replace lsot or damaged equipment quicker than the South could.

3. North had more Railroad lines = the Union could move more troops and supplies with ease

4. U.S. Navy = most of the Navy remained loyal to the Union

• COMPARING NORTH AND SOUTH: (371-372)

– Southern Advantages: (371-372)• The South had 2 important

advantages over the North

1. The Confederacy had only to fight a defensive war, protecting its territory until the Union tired of the struggle

2. The South also had excellent military leadership. – Among the ablest of southern military

leaders was Robert E. Lee– In 1859 Robert E. Lee led the federal

troops that captured abolitionist John Brown

– Robert E. Lee opposed slavery and secession, but he refused to fight against Virginia

• COMPARING NORTH AND SOUTH: (371-372)– The armies: (372)

• Robert E. Lee became the leader of the Confederate Army

• The Union Army: 2,672,341 was the official numbers for those who enlisted in the Union Army

• Some 3,530 American Indians and some 180,000 African Americans served in the Union Army

• About 100 African Americans were commissioned officers

• Some Historians say that 750,000 men enlisted in the Confederate Army. This figure included 5,500 American Indians

• THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN: (373-374)– Fighting in Manassas

• President Lincoln ordered General Irvin McDowell and some 35,000 barely trained soldiers to Richmond, Virginia, in Mid-July 1861.

• General McDowell’s forces never reached Richmond. On July 21, 1861, some 35,000 Confederates met the Union troops near Manassas Junction, a railroad crossing about 30 miles outside of Washington D.C.

• General Joseph E. Johnson led the Confederates who dug in on high ground behind a creek called Bull Run

• Northerners would call the fighting that followed the First Battle of Bull Run. Southerners called it the Battle of Manassas

• THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN: (373-374)– Fighting in Manassas

• At first the battle went in the Union’s favor.

• Confederate general, Thomas “Stonewall” Jackson and his men stopped the Union assault

• THE REBEL YELL: Southern Troops screaming: “Who-who-ey! Who-ey!” This cry sent chills down the northern troops.

• The Union soldiers fell back and headed for Washington D.C. – The Union army retreated

• THE FIRST BATTLE OF BULL RUN: (373-374)

– The Aftermath of southern victory: (374)

• The events at Bull Run caused most people to realize that the war would last longer than a few months. As a result, each side began to seriously train its forces for battle and to plan strategy

• The most important consequences of the Battle of Bull Run may have been psychological.

• The defeat shamed and shocked the North. Southern newspaper editorials proclaimed the Confederacy’s superiority