Chapter # 12 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY · 2016-04-24 · 4/24/2016 1 Chapter # 12 INDUSTRIAL...
Transcript of Chapter # 12 INDUSTRIAL MICROBIOLOGY · 2016-04-24 · 4/24/2016 1 Chapter # 12 INDUSTRIAL...
4/24/2016
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Chapter # 12
INDUSTRIAL
MICROBIOLOGY
MICROBES IN INDUSTRY
Industrial microbiology is the
application of microbes & their
enzymes for industrial purposes to
generate useful products such as
chemicals, food, beverages,
detergents, paper, Pharmaceutical
industry, dairy products, wine,
pulp, textiles and biofuels.
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Enzymes are biological catalysts that fulfil their role by binding specific substrates at their active sites.
This specificity is one property of enzymes that makes them useful for industrial applications.
Enzymes are able to operate at room temperature, atmospheric pressure and within normal pH ranges (around 7) – all of which create energy savings for industry
Enzymes possess specifically shaped active sites for reacting with one specific substrate thereby generating pure products
free from unwanted by-products
Enzymes are biodegradable and, unlike many inorganic catalysts, cause less damage to the environment
Enzymes
Microbial enzymes are ISOLATED from a variety of microbes and these include bacteria, fungi and yeast cells.
Micro-organisms produce enzymes that function inside their cells (intracellular enzymes) and they may also produce enzymes that are
secreted and function outside the cells (extracellular enzymes).
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The large scale production of enzymes involves culturing micro-organisms in chambers called FERMENTERS or BIOREACTORS.
Micro-organisms are suitable for use in the large scale production of enzymes in fermenters because:
• They have rapid growth rates and are able to produce larger numbers of enzyme under favourable environmental conditions.
• Micro-organisms can be genetically engineered to improve the strain and enhance yields
• Micro-organisms have simple growth requirements and these can be precisely controlled within the fermenter.
• Micro-organisms can utilise waste products such as agricultural waste as substrates, so bioremediation & production of enzymes simultaneously.
Large Scale Production of Enzymes
Pectin is an insoluble substance found in the cell walls of plants
In the drinks industry, juice extracted from fruits appears cloudy due to the presence of pectin
PRODUCTION OF PECTINASE
Pectinase is an enzyme that is used in the industry to break down the pectin
The effect of pectinase is to clarify the fruit juice and to make it flow more freely
Pectinase is obtained from the fungus Aspergillus niger
Aspergillus niger produces pectinase as an extracellular enzyme
Commercial Enzyme Production - An Example
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Other uses of pectinases in food industry
Extraction of fruit and vegetable
juices
Extraction of vegetable Oils
Coffee, cocoa and tea fermentation
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Use of Bacterial amylases
Desizing of textile fabrics,
preparation of modified starch
sizing for textile.
Used in starch coating of paper,
in paper industries
Removal of wall papers
Use of Fungal amylases
•Conversion of partially acid
hydrolyzed starches into sweet syrups
• Syrups of desired products like
glucose, maltose & dextrins may be
produced.
•Use in baking products.
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Other carbohydrases of industrial uses
Maltases, lactases, invertases
Invertase and lactase are Yeast yielding
enzymes
Invertase is used in the preparation of
artificial honey
Lactase is used by ice cream
manufacturers to prevent lactos
crystalization in ice cream.
PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY
Antibiotics are the most important
products of industrial microbes. e.g
penicillin.
These are the substances produced by
one organism which are harmful to
other organisms.
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Clinical \pharmaceutical prospective of
microbial enzymes
Enzyme Reaction Source Application
L- asparaginase Removal of L-
asparagine essential
for tumour growth
E. coli Cancer
chemotherapy
Urokinase Plasminogen
activation
Different Removal of fibrin
clots
Amylase and
protease
Hydrolysis Fungal or bacterial Wound
debridement and
digestive aids
penicillin Relieves pain Penicillium sp
Glucose oxidase Glucose oxidation Aspergillus niger Detection of
glucose in blood
Urease Urea hydrolysis to
CO2 and NH3
Bacteria Measurment of
urea in body fluids
CHEESE AND YOGURT PRODUCTION
Microorganisms are being used in the
production of cheese and yogurt.
Bacteria which are used as starter for cheese &
yogurt production include:
Lactococcus sp.
Lactobacillus sp.
Streptococcus sp.
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WINE PRODUCTION
Yeasts are the main fermenter and alcohol
producer in the production of wine, beer and other
alcohol drinks.
The main yeast species used is Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. It ferments the sugars, coming from
different sources, e.g., grapes for wine, barley for
beer, to alcohol and carbon dioxide.
RESEARCH INDUSTRY
This has paved new ways for developing desirable
properties in microbes which can make them model
organisms.
Also detection of regulatory and
metabolic pathways and causes
easy cultivation and handling of
micro organisms.
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BIO FUELS PRODUCTION
• Microorganisms like Saccharomyces
cerevisiae & Escherichia coli convert
sugar into ethanol through the process of
fermentation.
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
TREATMENT
• Now Microbes are not only used in the production process
but are also used in the treatment of waste products released
from industries through the process of bioremediation. Now
waste water is also treated with Microbes to remove the
waste matter .
Two of the examples in which microbes are used includes
• Activated Sludge Process
• Trickling Filter Process
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COMMONLY USED
MICROORGANISMS
Majorly Bacteria is used which includes :
• Nocardia sp.
• Microthrix parvicella.
But mixture of other microrganisms are
also used which include Protozoa algae
and Fungi.
CONCLUSION
• At Industrial Scale microorganisms plays an integral
role in biosynthetic pathway and even treatment of
waste material coming out of industries. This is not
only cost- effective and an efficient way of
manufacturing but also an alternate to industrial
chemicals harmful to environment.