Chapter 11 wwi
description
Transcript of Chapter 11 wwi
Warm-up
What do people do when someone insults their friends?
World War I beginnings Dates: 1914 to 1918 Causes:
1. Nationalism
2. Imperialism
3. Militarism
4. Alliances
Nationalism○Devotion to the interests of one’s nation
& culture○competition between nations○ethnic groups :independence○Smaller nations sought protection from
larger nations
Imperialism○Competition among world powers for
colonies that provided raw materials for industry
Militarism○Development of armed forces & use in
diplomacy○Growth of imperialism & nationalism led
to increased military spending
Alliances○Countries who vow to defend each
other in event of attack
Immediate Cause:Starts in Balkan Peninsula “powder
keg of Europe”Assassination of archduke Franz
Ferdinand by Serbian nationalist on June 1914
Chain Reaction Austria Serbia (July 28) and Russia Germany Russia (August 1) Germany France (august 3) Germany invades Belgium Britain Germany and Austria-Hungary
The Fight
Schlieffen Plan (Germany’s plan to win)Hold action against RussiaQuickly move through Belgium to ParisAfter France fell, would move all
troops to defeat Russia Allies left Belgium & retreated to Marne
River
Allies halted German advance on Sept 1914
Both sides created system of trenches which they fought from
Known as trench warfare
Trench Warfare Two parallel systems of trenches face each
other “No man’s land” in between Soldiers fight back and forth for a few yards
of land Fighting is devastating and inconclusive
Crossing “No Man’s Land”
Veteran’s Day StarsVeteran’s Day Stars
Rank NameBranch of ServiceRelation to you
Brig. General (Ret.) Charles L. BishopUnited States Air Force
Grandfather of Austin Bishop
clip
Some super guns could fire up to
75 miles.
Effects of Mustard Gas
If the gas did not cause you to cough up
your lungs it burned out your eyes.
Both sides thought war would be over in couple of months (by Christmas 1914)
Both sides would be dug in for nearly FOUR YEARS
America Joins War America :neutral at start of war (isolationism)
“European war” Did not threaten our people or property
Who did we support (Allies or Central Powers)?
Support was divided Immigrants were very outspoken about war because for many this was fought in their homeland
Most sided with Allies
We shared common ancestry & culture with England
Stories of German brutality British propaganda helped to create this image of Germany as a “bully”
Our economic ties were stronger with Allies ○We shipped millions of dollars of war supplies to Allies
○Caused a labor shortage in this country
America prepared for war for two reasonsEnsure Allied repayment of debts
Prevent Germans from threatening US shipping
We still DID NOT WANT TO JOIN WAR but our interests needed protection
Incidents leading US to join the war:British blockade of Germany Germany responded with counter blockade using U-boats
Sinking of British passenger ship (Lusitania) of 1,198 deaths, 128 were Americans Caused American public opinion to turn against Germany
Zimmerman note 19 January, 1917:
The Zimmerman Noteto the German Minister to Mexico
Berlin, January 19, 1917 On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare unrestricted.
In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is understood that Mexico is to reconquer the lost territory in New Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement....
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman(Secretary of State)
Election of 1916Woodrow Wilson won close election for 2nd term under slogan of “He Kept Us Out of War”
After election, Wilson met with warring countries in trying to end war
Wilson called for “a peace without victory……a peace between equals”
Warring countries response wasHA HAYEA RIGHT!
Germans ignored Wilson’s call for peace & announced that they would now sink all ships (neutral or hostile) off Britain
Violation of Sussex Pledge
This action gave Wilson no choice but to declare war but held out until Germany committed an overt act against the US Zimmerman Note was final act
Russia’s move from dictator to a democracy helped to support our entry into warCould now claim this was a war of democracies vs brutal dictatorships
Wilson declared war on Central Powers on April 2, 1917 in order to make the world “safe for democracy”
Section 2America tips the balance of power
US in the War
The US declared war on Germany and the Central Powers in April of 1917
Bolshevik Revolution caused Russia to leave the war
The Bolshevik revolution was a peasant rebellion.
Angry Peasants
America at War
American MobilizationU.S. not prepared for war ○Only 200,000 men in service
Selective Service Act passed in May 1917○Required men to register with government in order to be randomly selected into military
Propaganda
Mass productionNeeded materials to fight & to be transported to Europe
Needed to Expand our fleet because of U-Boats ○Took four steps to do this
Exempted shipyard workers from the Draft
Chamber of Commerce glorified ship building / special privileges to workers
Fabrication techniques Took over commercial &
private ships / converted them for war
Used convoy system to get ships to & from Europe
New weapons never used in war before were machine guns, planes, tanks, gas, etc
Other Hazards Body Lice Rats Polluted water that caused
dysentery Shell Shock ( emotional
collapse) Trench foot
American Expeditionary Force (AEF) was led by General John J Pershing
Alvin York Conscientious objector Known for: “ the greatest thing
accomplished by any private soldier of all the armies of Europe”Killed 25 Germans and captured 132 with the help of 6 other doughboys
End of the War Both sides were fatigued &
“shell shocked” American troops
(doughboys) provided freshness & enthusiasm
Fresh troops proved to be the difference in the war
Turning point of war was 2nd Battle of the Marne (July-Aug 1918)After victory, Allies steadily marched toward Germany
No truly decisive battle Germans just got worn out
11-3-1918 Austria-Hungary surrendered
On same day many German soldiers mutinied against government
People turned against Kaiser & established a German Republic
Republic signed armistice on 11-11-18
WWI was bloodiest war ever !!!!!!
Final Statistics:22 million dead (1/2 were civilians)
20 million wounded
Belgium 45,550 British Empire
942,135 France 1,368,000 Greece 23,098 Italy 680,000 Japan 1,344 Montenegro 3,000
Germany 1,935,000
Ottoman Empire 725,000
Portugal 8,145 Romania
300,000 Russia 1,700,000 Serbia 45,000 United States
116,516 Austria-Hungary
1,200,000 Bulgaria 87,495
Peace
Wilson’s plan for world peace was called his 14 points
The points….
1-5 were issues that he felt needed to be addressed to prevent another war
6-13 dealt with boundary changes
14th point called for creation of an international organization to address diplomatic crisis
Unity?
Big Four (US, Britain, France, Italy) worked on treaty by themselves
Central Powers were left out of treaty process
Big Four wanted a treaty that got revenge on Central Powers, Wilson did not
Wilson gave up on most of 14 points in return for other three nations support for a League of Nations
6-28-1918 Treaty of Versailles was signed which officially ended the war
Treaty of Versailles
Created nine new nationsBarred Germany from maintaining
armyAlsace-Lorraine was returned to
FranceGermany had to pay reparations up
to 33 billion dollarsWar-guilt clause forcing Germany to
admit sole responsibility for war
Weakness of Treaty
Humiliated GermanyReparations were too much to pay
Took territory away from Russia & Germany
Ignored colonies pleas for self rule
League of Nations
Wilson spent months campaigning Congress to ratify entry into League
Congress never ratified entry & therefore the US never joined
Why didn’t Congress want to join?○Felt it threatened US policy of isolationism
○We would be bound by treaty to Europe and forced to get involved
Planting the seeds for part II Treaty & US return to isolationists created
more anger than it did peace We put a patch on problems in Europe
instead of fixing them War created political instability & violence
that sometimes lasted decades New boundaries of countries upset many
ethnic groups This created an atmosphere that lead to
the establishment of dictatorships (Russia, Spain, Germany, Italy)
Legacy of War in US Accelerated social changes for
African-Americans & women Strengthened the power of the
military & government Established the US as a world power
???????????????
The War at Home
Entire economy focused on war effort
Shift from consumer goods to war supplies
War Industries Board Congress gives Pres. Wilson power
to fix prices, regulate certain war-related industriesUse mass-production techniques to
increase efficiencyStandardize products to reduce
waste
Rationing Railroad/ fuel supplies monitored
Gasless Sundays/ lightless nights ( Daylight-saving time)
Wages : Food prices Stockholders in large corp.
saw $$$$$$ Union membership boomed to
control working conditionsNation War Labor Board
○“Work or Fight”
Food Admin. Under Hoover “Gospel of the clean
plate”MeatlessSweetlessWheatlessPorkless
Victory Gardens
Community gardens started to grow food – would mean more food available for the troops
Government Bonds Encourage public to
buy war bondsHelped finance war
Committee on Public Info
George CreelSpeeches, posters,
pamphlets in many languages
Promoted Patriotism= created hatred towards certain ethnic groups ( hate crimes)
Anti-immigrant Hysteria
Attacks against certain Ethnic Groups
People with German last names lost jobs
Mozart, Bach, Beethoven banned
Towns changed names, libraries removed books
German measles: Liberty measles Hamburger: Salisbury steak Sauerkraut: liberty cabbage Dachshunds : liberty pups
Espionage and Sedition Acts Up to $10,000 & 20 years in jail
for saying anything disloyal about the government or war effort
African Americans support the war (Du Bois) but Don’t support a racist government Great Migration
Escape racial discrimination in the South
Northern job opportunities
Women in the war Women moved into jobs that had
been held exclusively by men Plus maintained traditional roles
at home
1919 Congress passed the 19th Amendment
Order of Ratification of the 19th Amendment KEY: Ratification on June 10, 1919 (yellow); ratification from June 16, 1919 to July 28, 1919 (chartreuse); ratification from August 2, 1919 to December 15, 1919 (aqua); ratification from January 6, 1920 to March 22, 1920 (gray-green); ratification on August 18, 1920 (gray).