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4th Edition

Personality

Chapter 11

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Analyzing Personality

• Personality: a stable pattern of thinking, feeling, and behaving – distinguishes one person from another.

• Two important components:– distinctiveness– relative consistency.

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Analyzing Personality(p. 462)

• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

• California Psychological Inventory (CPI).

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Trait Approaches

• Gordon Allport

• Cattell (next)– Used computers– Surface traits– Source traits

• Eysenck (next)

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Trait Approaches

• Raymond Cattell proposed 16 source traits to describe personality and make predictions of future behaviors.

16PF5 – Personality Factors

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Trait Approaches

• Extraversion has been associated with a number of differences in everyday behavior.

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Biological Factors in Personality

Heredity plays a role in a wide range of personality characteristics

The study of identical twins reared apart allows us to identify the effects of heredity independently of the influence of environmental factors.

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The Psychodynamic Perspective

Freud – Easily the most influential theorist of modern

psychology– Suggested that behaviors, feelings, and thoughts

result from past events.– Because this psychic determinism occurs at an

unconscious level, we are often unaware of the true reasons for our behavior.

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The Psychodynamic Perspective

• Freud review– early childhood experiences – stage theory of development – potential importance of unconscious

experiences – influence of sexuality on human behavior

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Freud’s view of the human mind: The mental iceberg

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The Psychodynamic Perspective

• Conflicts among the structures of the mind occur beneath the level of conscious awareness. QuickTime™ and a

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The Psychodynamic Perspective

• Unconscious conflict produces anxiety or guilt that warns the ego.

• The ego uses defense mechanisms to protect itself from the anxiety or guilt.

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Defense Mechanisms

• Displacement• Sublimation• Projection• Reaction formation• Repression• Denial• Intellectualization• Rationalization

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The Psychodynamic Perspective

• Neo-Freudians– Jung– Horney– Adler – disagreed with a number of Freud's views (for

example, those emphasizing the sexual and unconscious roots of behavior).

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The Behavioral Perspective

• Behavioral and learning psychologists avoid commonly used terms such as traits.

• Distinctiveness of a person's behavior results from unique learning history.– Aggressiveness– Shyness– Kindness– Conscientiousness– Openness

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The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Julian Rotter and Albert Bandura incorporated cognitive factors.

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The Social-Cognitive Perspective

Albert Bandura: reciprocal determinism

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The Social-Cognitive Perspective

• Self-efficacy: a person's judgment about his or her ability to succeed in a given situation.

• Unlike a trait, self-efficacy is specific to the situation and can change over time.

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The Humanistic Perspective

• People are not governed by their past

• Human beings are basically good

• We are directed toward development and growth.

Basic needs have a powerful pull on

behavior.

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• Begins with deficiency needs and leads to self-actualization at the top.

• Power of deficiency needs keeps most people from reaching the level of self-actualization;

• Maslow: doing the best that an individual is capable of doing.

• Self Actualization: “The full use and exploitation of talents, capacities, potentialites.”

Hierarchy of Needs

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The Humanistic Perspective

• On the basis of his work with disturbed people, Carl Rogers concluded that efforts to achieve personal fulfillment were being stifled.

• Self-concepts become distorted by conditions of worth imposed from the outside.

• Healthy: real self-concept is consistent with ideal self-concept