Chapter 10 (Transport System)

7/21/2019 Chapter 10 (Transport System)

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TRANSPORT


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EXAMPLES OF MATERIALSTRANSPORTED

INTO THE CELL

-OXYGEN

-NUTRIENTS

-WATER

-HORMONES

OUT OF THECELL

-CARBON DIOXIDE

-UREA

-HEAT


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Activity 1

2 Students walkalong diferentdistance. Whichstudent arrives

earlier


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How can you relate the situation withthese organisms in transporting

materials into their bodies

Multicellular organism Unicellular organism


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Multicellular organism Unicellular organism

What do you think about the size

between these two oeganisms?


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Size 1

tsa/

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TRANSPORT IN UNICELLULARORGANISMS

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TRANSPORT IN MULTICELLULARORGANISMS

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CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

-Circulatory system transports substances such as nutrients,

water and oxygen to the body cells and removes carbon dioxide

and other nitrogenous wastes from the body cells.

-The circulatory systems of humans and animals consist of 3

components:

a) a medium/fluid re!uired to carry materials around the

circulatory system "blood, haemolymph)

b) vessels tubes for the medium to flow through

c) pump heart that help to propel and circulate the medium

around the body


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HUMAN BLOOD

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ERYTHROCYTES

-# million per mm3of blood

-Tiny "$%m), biconcave, disc shape

-&o not have nucleus, mitochondria or

ribosomes

-'ull of haemoglobin

-made in the bone marrow, live for about (*

days

+ &estroyed and recycled in the liver


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-daptations of erythtocytes:

a) have no nucleus provide more space for haemoglobin

b) transport oxygen haemoglobin combine to oxygen and form

oxyhaemoglobin

c) transport C- haemoglobin combine to C-as hydrogen+

carbonate

d) biconcave, disc shape increase the T/ ratio for optimum

gaseous exchange

e) small and flexible can diffuse through narrow capillary walls


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LEUCOCYTES

0eucocytes in blood

-colorless, do not have haemoglobin

-0arger than erythrocytes, fewer in number

-1*** per mm3 of blood. 2aised the number

of leucocytes "leucocytosis), decrease thenumber of leucocytes " leucopenia)

-rregular shape, have nucleus

-mportant in body defence mechanisms against disease

-divided into basic types : granulocytes and agranulocytes


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G)a(0%'$#tes

-4ave granular cytoplasm and

lobed nucleus.

granules

5i+lobednucleus

-moeboid

movement and

engulf bacteria by phagocytosis

-6roduce in bone

marrow

-&ivide into 3 types:

a) 7eutrophils form 1*8 of

total leucocytes

+ has multi+lobed

nucleus

+ engulf bacteria byphagocytosis

b) 9osinophils +8 of total

leucocytes

+ detoxify chemical,

reduce inflammation

c) 5asophils (8 of leucocytes


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;ranulocytesgranulocytes


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AGRANULOCYTES

4ave non+granular cytoplasm,

compact nucleus

&ivide into typesa)


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THROMBOCYTES 9PLATELETES+

- re tiny fragments of mega=aryocytes "bone

marrow cell) found in the bone marrow.

- Colourless, irregular shape, no nucleus.

- m across.

-


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PLASMA

- @ellowish li!uid which the blood cells are suspended.

- Consist about A*8 water, (*8 dissolved substances.

- &issolved substances consist of plasma proteins, dissolved gases, absorbed food molecules, excretory waste products,

hormones and salts.

+ 4eat produced by respiration is being absorbed by plasma.


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FUNCTION OF BLOOD AND HAEMOLYMPH INTRANSPORT

- 'unctions of blood:

a) transport of materials

b) defence against diseases


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FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD IN TRANSPORT

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FUNCTION OF HAEMOLYMPH IN TRANSPORT

- 4aemolymph is the circulatory fluid in the body cavities of insects

that have an open circulatory system.

- Bnown as insect bloodD.

- Contains water, amino acids, sugars, salts and white blood cells

- 4elp to transport hormones, nutrients, salts and metabolic wastes

around the body.

- &oes not contain haemoglobin

- &oes not transport oxygen and C- in insects, these gases are

transported by the tracheal system.


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- Body cavity

contains

blood

- Responsibe or

the circulation o

blood


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T@69 -' 50--& C900


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THE STRUCTURE OF HUMAN BLOOD -ESSELS

- The heart is connected to a series of tubes called blood vessels.

-The main types of vessels : artery, arterioles, capillary, venule and

vein.


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5lood flow in blood vessel


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rtery, ein vs Capillary : Ehat are the

differencesF


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STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF THEHUMAN HEART

-9nveloped by a membrane called pericardium.

-


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-4as chambers :

a) upper auricles / atria

b) lower ventricles

- thic= muscular wall, called medium septum completely separate

the right side of the heart from its left side.

-The heart functions as separate pumps side by side:

"a) The right side of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood

"b) The left side of the heart pumps oxygenated blood


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-Contraction of the atria:

"a) when the right atrium contracts, blood passes into the lower right

ventricle.

"b) when the left atrium contracts, blood passes into the lower left

ventricle.

-Contraction of the ventricle:

"a) when the right ventricle contracts, it pumps blood out into the

pulmonary arteries.

"b) when the left ventricle contracts, it pumps blood out into theaorta


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-Thic=ness of the muscular walls:

"a) tria have thinner and less muscular walls because they only

pump blood down the ventricles.

"b) 2ight ventricle has to pump blood to the lungs, and therefore

has a thic= wall.

"c) 0eft ventricles has to pump blood to the body and has thic=est

wall.

-4as valves :

"a) Tricuspid valveon the right side of the hearthas 3 flapsprevents the bac=flow of blood into

the right atrium when the

right ventricle contracts."b) 5icuspid valve/ mitral valveon the left side and has flapsprevents the bac=flow of blood into

the left atrium when the left

ventricles contracts.

Tricuspid

valve

5icuspid

valve

orta

6ulmonary

artery


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"c) emi+lunar valvesfound at the base of pulmonary artery and aortaprevent the bac=flow of blood into the right and the left

ventricles when they relax.


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Bicuspid valve !"#$Upper part % tricuspid valve

&ower part % bicuspid valve


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T9T7; @-H290'


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THE CIRCULATION OF BLOOD INHUMAN

-4umans have closed, double circulatory system:

a) t is closed because the blood is contained within the heart and

the blood vessels, does not come in direct contact with the

respiring body cells.

b) t is double circulatory system because the blood passes

through the heart twice for each complete circuit of the body.

-Consist of sub+circuits:

"a) 6ulmonary circulation heart lung heart

"b) ystemic circulation heart rest of the body heart


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6ulmonary

circulation

ystemic

circulation


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PULMONARY CIRCULATION

-&eoxygenated blood from the heart is pumped from the right

ventricle through the pulmonary artery.

--xygenated blood from the lungs then return to the left atrium

through pulmonary vein.


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SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

- upplies blood to all parts of the body, except the lungs.

--xygenated blood is pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta

before it is distributed by:

"a) subclavian arteries to the arms

"b) carotid arteries to the nec= and head

-uperior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the upper

part of the body and return it to the right atrium.

-nferior vena cava collects deoxygenated blood from the lower

part of the body and returns it to the right atrium.

+4eart receives blood form a pair of coronary arteries leading from

the aorta.


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-The flow of blood during blood circulation is maintained by:

a) the pumping action of the heart ventricles press the blood

through the arteries into the capillaries.

b) contraction and relaxation of s=eletal muscle around the veins

during the normal body movements to propel the blood to the

heart.

c) inhalation movements during inspiration, the thoracic pressure is reduced, and this aids in drawing blood bac= into the heart.


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THE PUMPING OF HEART

- Two atria contract simultaneously: a) blood from the right atrium is forced into the right ventricle

b) blood from left atrium is forced into the left ventricle

- Two atria relax simultaneously:

a) left atrium receives blood from the pulmonary veins b) right atrium receives blood from the superior upper part of

body) and inferior "lower part of body) vena cavae.

- fter a slight pause, two ventricles contract "systole)

simultaneously : a) blood in the right ventricle is forced into the pulmonary artery

and blood in the left ventricle is forced into the aorta.


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b) 5lood in the right ventricle and the left ventricle is prevented

from flowing bac= into the atria by the closure of bicuspid

tricuspid valve.

c) The simultaneous closure of the two valve will produce lubD sound.

-Ehen ventricles relax "diastole):

a) the volume of the ventricles increaseI drawing in blood from

the atria.

b) blood in the arteries "pulmonary artery and aorta) is prevented

from flowing bac= to the ventricles by the closure of both the

two semilunar valves, produce dubD sound.

- heartbeat consist of a systole "lubD sound) and a diastole

"dubD sound).

+ 7ormal heartbeat 1 times/minute


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BLOOD PRESSURE AND THE REGULATORYMECHANISM

- 5lood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of the

blood vessels, which is measured in millimetres of mercury

"mm4g).

- Caused by the contraction of the heart and by the muscles thatsurround blood vessels.

- 5lood pressure in the arteries is highest when the ventricles

contract "systole) and force the blood into the pulmonary artery

and the aorta.

+ 5lood pressure decreases when the two ventricle relax "diastole).


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-7ormal blood pressure : (*/$* mm4g , (* over $*

-The first number represent the pressure when the ventricles

contract.

-The second number represents the pressure when the ventricle

relax.

-n human, blood pressure is regulated by: a) nervous system send impulse to speed up or slow down the

heart rate

b) =idney regulate blood pressure by controlling the amount of

fluid in our blood. Ehen blood pressure is too high, =idneysremove water from the blood "less volume of blood), blood

pressure become lower.

REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY THE


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REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE BY THENER-OUS SYSTEM

-5aroreceptor / stretch receptors groups of nerve fibres within

the walls of the carotid sinus "a swelling of the internal carotid

artery) and the aortic.


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-f blood pressure in the arteries is high:

a) the baroreceptors detect it and send impulses from the sensory

nerves to the cardiovascular centre in the medulla oblongata ofthe brain.

b) Cardiovascular centre of the brain sends impulses "in the vagus

nerve of the parasympathetic nervous system) to the heart to

decrease the heart rate and also the cardiac output "volume of

blood pumped by the heart).


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c) t the same time, the cardiovascular centre sends nervous

impulses to relax the smooth muscles of the arterioles,causing the arterioles to dilate "vasodilation) and reduce the

resistance to blood flow.

d) reduced heart rate, a lowered cardiac output and a

vasodilation of the arterioles will help to reduce the blood

pressure.


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"5aroreceptor)

/ medulla

6arasympathetic

&ecreased 4eart 2ateand cardiac output

timulate smooth

muscle in the

arterioles to dilate

4igh

f blood pressure drops too low:


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-f blood pressure drops too low:

i) The baroreceptors detect it and stimulate the cardiovascular

centre to send the nervous impulse "via the sympathetic nervous

system): to increase the heart rate "via the sympathetic nerve) to stimulate the smooth muscles in the arterioles to contract

"vasoconstriction) to decrease flow of blood.

ii) n increased heart rate and a vasoconstriction of the arterioles will help to increase blood pressure.


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"5aroreceptor)/medulla

timulate smooth

muscle

in the

arterioles

to contract


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CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS IN OTHER ANIMALS

INCOMPLETE

e.,. a&"!i3ia(s

COMPLETE

e.,. !0&a(s5 3i)s


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-ingle circulation blood passes through the heart only once in

a complete circulation of the body

-&ouble circulation blood passes through the heart twice in a complete circulation of the body

liJards, sna=es, and turtles have incomplete septums,

oxygenated blood and deoxygenated blood may

mix to some degree.

n crocodiles a complete septum and a valve prevent this

from happening.

-pen or closed circulatory


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-pen or closed circulatory

systemF


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) C


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b) Closed circulatory system

+ found in all vertebrates "human, fish) and invertebrates

"earthworms).

+ blood is pump within a vessel and never comes in direct

contact with the body cells.

+ can transport oxygen and other materials faster

-pen vs Closed circulatory system : what are the


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p y y

differencesF

Types of Closed Circulatory ystem : Compare the structure


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FISH


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FISH

+ 4as a simple two+chambered heart, consisting of an atrium and

ventricle that are separated by atrio+ventricular valve.

-trio+ventricular valve prevents the bac=ward flow of the blood

from the ventricle into the atrium.

-lood circulation:

a) ventricle of the heart pumps deoxygenated blood to the capillary

networ= of the gills to be oxygenated.

b) rteries carry the fully oxygenated blood from the gills to


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various parts of body capillaries.

c) &eoxygenated blood from the body capilaries returns to the

atrium of heart.Hea)t

9e(t)i$%e

+

Gi%%s B'#Hea)t

9at)i0&+

-'ish have a

a) single circulation blood is pumped through the heart only

once.

b) closed circulation blood is always contained within the

heart and blood vessels.

-&isadvantage of the single circulation single heart has to pump

blood through the gill capillary networ= and the body capillary

networ=. Thus, reduce blood pressure and sluggish flow of blood


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A!"H#$#A%S


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A!"H#$#A%S

+ 4as 3 chambered heart, consist two atria and one ventricle

"partially divided).

-5lood circulation: 6ulmonary artery carries blood

from the ventricle to the

pulmonary capillary networ=,where gas exchange occurs. 6ulmonary vein returns

oxygenated blood from the lungs

to the left atrium of the heart ena cava returns deoxygenated

blood from the systemic capillaries

to the right atrium. ingle ventricle receives both

oxygenated blood and

deoxygenated blood.

6ulmonaryartery 6ulmonary

vein

ena

cavae

orta

Ehen the ventricle contract, a mixture of oxygenated and


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, yg

deoxygenated blood is pumped into both the pulmonary artery

and aorta.

-mphibians have: incomplete double circulation although blood is pumped through

the heart twice in a circulation,

there is a mixing of oxygenated

and deoxygenated blood in the

ventricle. closed circulation blood is contained within the blood vessel

-dvantage for incomplete double circulation is higher blood

pressure, so the flow of blood is more efficient compared to fish.

$#&'S


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$#&'S

-4ave +chambered heart that completely separate oxygenated and

deoxygenated blood.

-eptum of the heart is complete, providing separate circulatory

systems: 6ulmonary circulation right atrium and right ventricle

receives deoxygenated blood fromthe body and send it to the lungs

ystemic circulation the left atrium and left ventricle receive

oxygenated blood from the lungs and

sends it to the body tissues.


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-5irds have higher metabolic rate than humans, the pulse rate of

chic=en can reach ** beats/minute.

-ts ventricle have more muscle mass and less chamber space than

human.

$())' *()++#%,


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$())' *()++#%,

-mportance of blood clotting:

a) prevents excessive blood loss which ma=e blood pressuredangerously low.

b) prevents the entry of microorganisms and foreign particles

into the body

c) forms scabs and helps in the healing of wounds

d) maintains the circulation of blood in a closed system

MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING


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MECHANISM OF BLOOD CLOTTING

+ 5lood flowing in blood vessels is prevented from clotting by asubstance called heparin "family of carbohydrate) found in the

blood plasma.

-5lood clotting is initiated by the:

a) clotting factors from damaged cellse.g. fibrinogen, prothrombin, thromboplastin, calcium ions

b) Collagen fibres from damaged blood vessel wall

+


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IMPAIRED BLOOD CLOTTING MECHANISM


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a) &eficient in calcium and vitamin B:ot will ta=e a longer time than normalocause bleeding

b) 4aemophilia5lood is unable to clot because the deficiency of blood

proteinsCause bleeding or death


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c) Thrombosis


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c) ThrombosisThrombosis is the formation of a clot or thrombus inside a

blood vessel, bloc=ing the flow of blood.The bloc=age stops the tissues from receive blood flow and

oxygencause damage to the tissues in that area

clot formed in coronary artery cause heart attac=.

clot formed in the brain cause stro=.


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4eart attac= tro=


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T! 3 3 %


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T!)'&30s s e&3'%0s

' clot that adheres to the vessel wall is called a thrombus(where as the intravascular clot that loats in the blood is

embolus


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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM


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LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

-The space between tissue cells

interstitial space

-nterstitial space is filled with a

colourless li!uid interstitial fluid


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-The formation of interstitial fluid and lypmh :


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a) 5lood enters the arterial ends of the

capillary networ= under high pressure

b) 9ndothelial cell walls of the capillaries act as filter. 0arge cellular

components "red blood cell) and large protein molecules cannot

pass through. -nly water and dissolved substances of

the plasma "oxygen, products of digestion and hormone) can

diffuse out of the cell.c) 5lood plasma diffuse out into the interstitial spaces to form

interstitial fluid.

d) The process of producing interstitial fluid from the blood is

called ultrafiltration.

e) The interstitial fluid circulates among the tissue cells and

returns to the blood circulatory system in two ways:

"i) passes into the venous end of the capillaries

ii) drain into the lymph capillaries as lymph


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) y y

C'(te(ts B%'' P%as&a I(te)stitia%0i

L#&"!


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0i

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")'0$ts90)ea5 0)i$a$i+

Gases

H')&'(es

+ The importance of interstitial fluid:

a) tissue fluid fills the interstitial spaces between the tissue cells,

providing them with a stable external environment b) nutrients and oxygen from the bloodstream in the capillary

networ= diffuse across the capillary walls into the interstitial fluid

and then into the tissue cells.

c) waste products that accumulate within the active cells diffuse

in the opposite direction across the interstitial fluid from the cells

to the capillaries.

STRUCTURE OF THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM


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-0ymph is found inside the lymph vessels.

-The composition of lymph is similar to interstitial fluid but with

more fats.

-


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+ formed from lymph capillaries

+ similar as veins "have 3 layered walls), but have thinner

walls and more valves

+ carry lymph away from the tissues

c) 0ymph node

+ small round or oval structures

+ contains a networ= of fibres

and irregular channelsacting li=e a filter

+ filter lymph when it

flows through the

nodes

+ eliminates bacteriaand cellular debris by

phagocytosis

d) pleen

l t d th l ft id f th bd th


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+ an organ located on the left side of the abdomen near the

stomach

+ produce lymphocytes, filters the

blood, store blood cells, destroy old blood cells.

e) 0ymph ducts "larger lymph vessel)

+ lymph vessels drain their contents

bac= into the bloodstream + Thoracic duct "left lymphatic duct)

and right lymphatic duct.


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)ow lymph return back to our

circulatory system?


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y y


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+ 0ymph is moved along the lymph vessel by:


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a) 4ydrostatic pressure of interstitial fluid+ push lymph along the

lymphatic capillaries

b) Contraction of s=eletal muscle lymph flow along the lymphatic vessel

c) alves within lymphatic vessel lymph flow away from the tissue

to the heart in one direction

d) nhalation reduce pressure in thoracic cavity and drawing lymph

towards the thorax.

-'unction of lymphatic system:


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a) transport interstitial fluid bac= to the bloodstream

b) distributes fluids and nutrients in the body and drains excess

fluids and protein so that tissues do not swell up c) transport fat and fat+soluble vitamin from small intestine into

the blood circulation

d) provides immunological defence against disease by:

"i) produce lymphocytes and antibodies to fight and destroy

microorganisms "ii) filtering out microorganisms and other foreign substances

from the lymph by the lymph nodes and from the blood by

the spleen.

WHEN INTERSTITIAL FLUID FAILS TO RETURNTO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM


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TO THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

-Too much interstitial fluid is produced, but little or none isreabsorbed bac= into the circulatory system.

-Cause the organs and tissues of the body to swell up+ oedema

--edema can be caused by: a) increase in the capillary blood

pressure, forcing an excess fluid

lea=age to the interstitial space

b) bloc=age of the lymphatic vessel

which slows down the drainage

of excess interstitial fluid.

-9lephantiasis caused by the bloc=age of the bodyKs lymphatic

system by certain parasitic round worms leading to oedema


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system by certain parasitic round worms leading to oedema.


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ROLE OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IN BODY DEFENCEMECHANISM


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-'irst and second lines of the defence mechanism:


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a) nonspecific they do not distinguish infectious pathogens

b) inborn they are natural built+in defences

+ for example :s=in act as barrier to the pathogens

: phagocytes engulf pathogens

c) provide immediate protection against invading pathogens.

-Third line of defence mechanism:

a) specific distinguish specific pathogens. 'or example,

lymphocytes produce specific type of antibody to fight

pathogens.

b) c!uired and developed

c) ta=es a longer time to be effective, but remember the pastinfections. o, it can be better prepared for future invasions by the

same type of pathogens.

FIRST LINE DEFENCE


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-Si(

")'ies a $'(ti(0'0s %a#e)")'te$t a 6!'%e 3'#.

Fe6 &i$)''),a(is&s $a("e(et)ate t!e %a#e)s '4 ea$e%%s at t!e s0)4a$e '4 t!e si(.

A $0t i( t!e si( a%%'6 t!e&i$)''),a(is&s t' e(te) t!e 3'#.

B%'' $%'ts "%0, t!e 6'0( a( ")ee(t t!e'4 &i$)''),a(is&s.

-M0$'0s &e&3)a(e


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%i(es a%% tiss0es a( '),a(s s0$! as )es"i)at') i,estie5 0)i(a)# a( )e")'0$tie t)a$ts. se$)ete &0$0s5 6!i$! is t!i$5 s%i""e)# %i0i

")'te$t t!e &e&3)a(e a( ee" it &'ist a( ")'te$t t!e i(te)i') s0)4a$es '4 t!e 3'# t!at

e:"'se t' "at!',e(s

-B't! t!e si( a( &0$'0s &e&3)a(e a)e ('(s"ee4e($e 3e$a0se* a+ 0se t!e sa&e 3a))ie) a,ai(st a%% t#"es '4

&i$)''),a(is&s 3+ ('t i)e$te a,ai(st a(# "a)ti$0%a) "at!',e


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CHEMICALS USE BY SIN AND MUCOUSMEMBRANE


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MEMBRANE

8Pe)s"i)ati'(/s6eat E:$)ete 4)'& s6eat ,%a(s $'(tai(s %#s'z#& a$is t!at est)'# !a)&40% 3a$te)ia a( i(!i3i ,)'6t! '4 40(,i.

-L#s'z#&ea%s' ")ese(t i( tea)s5 sa%ia a( (asa% se$)eti'

-Se30&%'6 "H

")ee(ts t!e ,)'6t! '4 $e)tai( &i$)''),a(is& a( 40(,i

-M0$0st)a" &i$)''),a(is&s a( i)t


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" ,"a)ti$%es.

-Ci%ia%itt%e !ai) t!at $a))# t!e &0$0s5 t)a""e &i$)''),a(is&s a( i)t

t'6a)s t!e ,%'ttis t' t!e t!)'at

8 A$i i( ,ast)i$ 70i$ei%%s &i$)''),a(is&s ")ese(t i( 4'' ') 6ate) '( i( s6a%%'6e

&0$0s.

SECOND LINE DEFENCE


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-Tae a$ti'( 6!e( "at!',e(s $a( "e(et)ate t!e s

') &0$'0s &e&3)a(e.

-N'(s"e$i@$ i&&0(e )es"'(se 3e$a0se 0se sa&e&et!' '4 e4e($e t' a%% t#"e '4 "at!',e(s.

-T!e ('(s"e$i@$ i&&0(e )es"'(se i($%0e* a+ "!a,'$#t'sis ? $a))ie '0t 3# 6!ite 3%'' $e%%s

as (e0t)'"!i%s5 &a$)'"!a,es'$$asi'(a%%# e'si('"!i%.

3+ (at0)a% i%%e) $e%%s ? est)'# i(4e$te $e%%s a($a($e)'0s $e%%s.

$+ I(a&&ati'( ? i('%e )e(ess5 !eat5 s6e%%i+ Fee) ? !i,! te&"e)at0)e i%% 3a$te)ia 3#


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+ Fee) ? !i,! te&"e)at0)e i%% 3a$te)ia 3#e(at0)i(, t!ei) ")'tei( a( !e%" !ea

")'$ess

PHAGOCYTOSIS


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-P!a,'$#t'sis 9"!a,' eat $#te $e%%+ atta$5

e(,0%4 a( est)'# "at!',e(s

-T6' $'&&'( t#"es '4 "!a,'$#tes a)e (e0t)'"!i% &a$)'"!a,es

-Ne0t)'"!i%s*$i)$0%ate 4)ee%# t!)'0,! t!e 3%'' esse%ss0eeze 3et6ee( $e%%s '4 t!e $a"i%%a)# 6a%% t'

t!e site '4 i(4e$ti'(5 att)a$te 3# t!e $!e&i$a

)e%ease 3# t!e &i$)''),a(is&s 9$!e&'ta:is+@)st "!a,'$#tes t' a))ie at t!e i(70)e tiss0 &a$)'"!a,es.


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-Ma$)'"!a,est! t 4 ! t % 4


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a('t!e) t#"e '4 "!a,'$#te ee%'"e 4)'& &'('$#tes 96!ite 3%'' $e%%s+

%'(,e)8%ie a( a))ie at t!e i(a&e site8 a#s %ate) a4te) t!e (e0t)'"!i%s.


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PROCESS OF

PHAGOCYTOSIS


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NATURAL ILLER CELLS


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INFLAMMATION


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THIRD LINE OF DEFENCE


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8 I&&0(it# * a3i%it# '4 t!e !0&a( 3'# t' )esist i

-I&&0(e )es"'(se * 3'#Js e4e($e )ea$ti'( 6!e a(ti,e( is )e$',(ize a( s"e$i@$ a(ti3'ies a

")'0$e 3# %#&"!'$#tes t' e4e( a,ai(st"at!',e(s

-A(ti,e( * 4')ei,( ")'tei( &'%e$0%e 93a$te)ia5 i) 40(,i+ t!at e(te) t!e 3'# a( sti&0%ate t!e

")'0$ti'( '4 a(ti3'ies

-A(ti3'# * a ")'tei( s03sta($e ")'0$e 3# i&& s#ste& t' )e$',(ize a(ti,e(.

* Y s!a"e ")'tei( &'%e$0%e t!at a%s' ('as i&&0(',%'30%i(.


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as i&&0(',%'30%i(. * 40($ti'( ? est)'# ') 6eae( a "at!',e

(e0t)a%ise its t':i(

-; 6!ite 3%'' $e%%s t!at i('%e* a+ %#&"!'$#tes ? ")'0$e a(ti3'ies 3+ &a$)'"!a,es 8 "!a,'$#t'sis

8 A(ti,e( )e$',(iti'( a( t!e ")'0$ti'( '4 a(ti3 taes "%a$e 6!e(*


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136/207


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WAYS WHICH ANTIBODIES HELP TO DEFENSEBODY


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a+ A,,%0ti(ati'(3+ O"s'(isati'($+ Ne0t)a%isati'(+ P)e$i"itati'(

AGGLUTINATION


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-A(ti3'ies a( a(ti,e(s sti$ t',et!e) a( t!e

&i$)''),a(is&s $%0&" t',et!e) i( %a),e (0&3 &ai(, t!e a(ti,e(s !a)&%ess.

8T!e i(a$tie "at!',e(s a)e t!e( i(,este 3#

"!a,'$#tes.

OPSONISATION


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- A( a(ti,e( is $'e)e 6it! a(ti3'ies 6!i$! &a

easie) 4') i(,esti'( 3# "!a,'$#tes.

-A( a(ti3'#8$'ate "at!',e( $a( 3e &ae t' 30)9$e%% %#sis+5 i%%i(, it 3e4')e 3ei(, i(,este 3# "!a

Cell produce fromdifferentiation of

monocytes


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NEUTRALISATION


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8 A(ti3'ies 3i( t' t!e t':i(s 9a(ti,e(s+5 (e0t)a%

"'is'( '4 t!e t':i(.

-W!e( a( a(ti3'# 3i(s t' a t':i(5 it is $a%%e a(

-T!e (e0t)a%ise t':i( is t!e( i(,este 3# t!e"!a,'$#tes

--i)0s a( 3a$te)ia a)e si&i%a)%# (e0t)a%ise t' ") t!e& 4)'& atta$! a( "e(et)ate t!e 3'# $e%%s.


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PRECIPITATION


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8 A(ti3'ies 3i( t' t!e s'%03%e a(ti,e(s5 $a0se

t' ")e$i"itate.

8 T!e(5 t!e# 6i%% 3e i(,este 3# "!a,'$#tes.

-ARIOUS TYPES OF IMMUNITY


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-A4te) a( i(itia% i(4e$ti'(5 s'&e %#&"!'$#tes a)e i( t!e 3'# as a K&e&')#. T!is !e%"s t!e 3'# te4e( itse%4 a,ai(st 40)t!e) atta$s 3# t!e sa&ea(ti,e(s.

-As t!is K&e&')# &a# %ast 4') #ea)s5 t!e 3'# is3e i&&0(e t' t!e isease.

-T!e)e a)e ; t#"es '4 i&&0(it#*

a+ a$tie i&&0(it# 3+ "assie i&&0(it#

A$tie i&&0(it# Passie i&&0(it#


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A$0i)e 6!e(%#&"!'$#tes i( t!e3'# a)e a$tiate 3#a(ti,e(s t' ")'0$ea(ti3'ies

O$$0) 6!e( a "e)s'(3e$'&es te&"')a)#i&&0(e t' a( a(ti,e(

3# )e$eie )ea#8&aea(ti3'ies 4)'&

a('t!e)

"e)s'( ') a(i&a%.

Lasts 4') a %'(, ti&e Lasts '(%# 4') a s!')tti&eas t!e a(ti3'ies

ee(t0a%%# ie '2 '))e&'e 4)'& t!e

3'# as4')ei,( ")'tei(s.


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- S'&e a$$i(es a)e &ae 4)'&* a+ %ie atte(0ate 96eae(e+ "at!',e(s ? &e

&0&"s )03e%%a $!i$e("':


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&0&"s5 )03e%%a5 $!i$e("': 3+ i%%e "at!',e(s ? i(0e(za5 a"a(ese e($e 9.E+5 !e"atitis A5 t#"!'i 4ee) $+ t':'i ? 3a$te)ia% t':i( t!at !as 3ee( 6ea a( (' %'(,e) t':i$ ? teta(0s5 i"!t!e)ia

EFFECTS OF HI- ON THE BODYJS DEFENCEMECHANISM


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- HI- * H ? 4') H0&a(5 3e$a0se it i(4e$t !0&a(s I 8 I&&0('e@$ie($#5 3e$a0se i)0s atta$ t! 3'#Js i&&0(e s#ste&5 6eae(i(, it s' t it $a(('t @,!t 't!e) ea%# isease - ? -i)0s 3e%'(, t' t!e ,)'0"5 )et)'i)0s

- AIDS ? A$0i)e5 "e)s'( ,et HI- 4)'& a('t!e) i "e)s'(.


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8 I&&0(e5 )e4e) t' t!e 3'#Js e4e($e s#ste&

8 De@$ie($# 5 &ai(, t!e i&&0(e s#ste& e@$ie(t 8 S#()'&e5 )e4e) t' a ,)'0" '4 i%%(ess


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153/207


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- W!e( t!e i&&0(e s#ste& is 6eae(e* a+ t!e 3'# 3e$'&es 0%(e)a3%e t' a a)iet# '


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# # i(4e$ti'(s a( $a($e)s.

3+ 't!e) i(4e$ti'(s tae aa(ta,e '4 t!e 6ea i&&0(e s#ste&. T!ese $a%%e as K '""')t0 i(4e$ti'(s. $+ t!e 3'# 3e$'&es s' 6ea5 a( t!e "e)s'(

- T)a(s&issi'( '4 HI- 3#* a+ i)e$t $'(ta$t 6it! i(4e$te 3%''


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3+ se:0a% $'(ta$t 6it! a( HI-8i(4e$te "e)s'(

$+ HI-8i(4e$te &'t!e)s t' i(4a(ts 0)i(, ")e, e%ie)# ') 3)east4eei(, + s!a)i(, (ee%es 6it! )0, 0se)s 6!' a)e i( 6it! HI-

- HI- is ('t t)a(s&itte a+ 3# i(se$t 3ites 3+ t!)'0,! t!e ai) $+ !0,,i(,5 t'0$!i(,5 !a(s!ai(,

+ %ii(, i( t!e sa&e !'0se e+ s!a)i(, 4'' a( 6ate) 4+ s!a)i(, $0"5 ,%ass5 "%ates et$.

TRANSPORT OF SUBSTANCES INPLANTS


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- T)a(s"')t s#ste& is (e$essa)# 3e$a0se* a+ CO;is a3s')3e a( t)a(s"')te t'

"!'t's#(t!esisi(, $e%%s 3+ O;is )e%ease 4)'& "!'t's#(t!esisi(, $e%%s

t!e at&'s"!e)e. $+ 6ate) a( &i(e)a%s 4)'& t!e )''ts !ae t't)a(s"')te t' t!e %eaes

+ "!'t's#(t!eti$ ")'0$ts 9s0,a)5 a&i(' a$i !ae t' 3e t)a(s"')te a6a# 4)'& t!e %ea

4') st')a,e a( t' 't!e) tiss0es.

- T)a(s"')t 40($ti'(s a)e $a))ie '0t 3# :#%e& a "!%'e&.

-ASCULAR TISSUE IN STEM5 ROOTAND LEAF


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- C'(sist '4 "!%'e& a( :#%e&.

- R'%es '4 as$0%a) tiss0e* a+ :#%e& ? t)a(s"')t 6ate)

s0""')t t!e "%a(ts

3+ P!%'e& ? t)a(s"')t (0t)ie(t

- -as$0%a) 30(%e st)a( '4 $'(0$ti(, tiss0e

9:#%e& a( "!%'e&+ Ste& ? "!%'e& is %'$ate '0t6a) 4a$i(, t!e

e"ie)&is5 :#%e& is t'6a) t!e $e(t)e.

Lea4 ? "!%'e& 4a$i(, at t!e %'6e) "a)t5 :#% at t!e 0""e) "a)t.


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- A &at0)e as$0%a) 30(%e $'(sist '4 :#%e&5 "!% a( $a&3i0&. Ca&3i0& se"a)ate t!e :#%e& a "!%'e&.

STRUCTURE OF -ASCULAR TISSUE


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- T!e &ai( tiss0es i( a ste& '4 a i$'t *

a+ e"ie)&is 3+ $')te:5 t!at $'(tai( $'%%e($!#&a5 $!%')e($! a( e('e)&is $+ as$0%a) 30(%e5 t!at $'(tai( "!%'e& a( :#

+ t!e "it!

-T!e as$0%a) 30(%es i( t!e ste& '4 a i$'t a)ea))a(,e i( a )i(,.


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8 T!e $a&3i0& is sa(6i$!e 3et6ee( t!e :#%e a( "!%'e&.

-C')te: is %'$ate '0tsie '4 t!e as$0%a) 30(%ei( t!e ste&.

8 T!e "it! is t!e tiss0e %'$ate i(sie t!e as$0%a))i(,.


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- Pa)e($!#&a8 $e%%s 6it! t!i( ")i&a)# 6a%%st!at )etai(

t!ei) ")'t'"%as&- C'%%e($!#&a 8 $e%%s 6it! t!i$ ")i&a)# 6a%%s

t!at

)etai( t!ei) ")'t'"%as&- S$%e)e($!#&a8 $e%%s 6it! %i,(i@e se$'(a)#

6a%%st!at !ae %'st t!ei)

")'t'"%as& at &at0)it#5 i.e. a)e ea8 C!%')e($!#&a 8 C'(tai(i(, C!%')'"%ast

-ASCULAR TISSSUE IN THE LEAF OF ADICOT


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- -as$0%a) 30(%e $'(sist '4*

a+ :#%e& ? 4a$es t!e 0""e) e"ie)&is 3+ $a&3i0& ? t!at iies t' ")'0$e :#%e& a

"!%'e& $e%%s $+ "!%'e& ? 4a$es t!e %'6e) e"ie)&is

-ASCULAR TISSUE IN THE ROOT OF A DICOT


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- -as$0%a) tiss0e is "a$e i( t!e $e(t)e.

- Ot!e) st)0$t0)es '3se)e i( t!e )''t* a+ )''t !ai) ? e:te(si'( '4 t!e e"ie)&a% $e%%s

8 i($)ease a3s')"ti'( '4 6ate) 3# t!e

s0)4a$e

3+ e"ie)&is ? a3s')"ti'( '4 6ate) a( &i(e)a%

$+ $')te: ? $'(sist '4 e('e)&is a( "a)e($!# t!at st')e sta)$!.

+ "e)i$#$%e ? %a#e) '4 "a)e($!#&a $e%%s i(siee('e)&is 6!e)e %ate)a% )''t ')i,i


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RELATING THE STRUCTURE OF XYLEM TOTRANSPORT


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- F0($ti'(s '4 :#%e&* a+ t)a(s"')t 6ate) a( iss'%e &i(e)a%s 4)'& t!e )''t t'

't!e) "a)ts '4 $e%% 9'(e 6a#+. 3+ ")'ie &e$!a(i$a% s0""')t

- X#%e& $'(sist* a+ esse% 3+ t)a$!ei

$+ @3)e 9)i,i se$'(a)# $e%% 6a%% 4') s0""')t a( ")'te$ti'(+ + "a)e($!#&a 9st')e 4''+

- -esse%s Dea $e%%s t!at 4')& !'%%'6 t03e5 6!i$! $'( t!e )''t t' t!e %ea4.


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De"'site 3# %i,(i( t' st)e(,t!e( it a( s0"

t!e ste&

T!e st)0$t0)e '4 :#%e& esse% is aa"te t't)a(s"')t 6ate) 3e$a0se *

o it !as $'(ti(0'0s %0&e( 6it!'0t a(# 6a%%s")'t'"%as& 6it!i( it t' a%%'6 t!e '6 '4a( &i(e)a%s sa%ts

o t!e 6a%%s a)e %i,(i@e t' ")'ie st)e(,t!")ee(t t!e 6ate) 4)'& $'%%a"si(,


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- T)a$!eis Dea $e%%s 6!e( &at0)e L'(, s%e(e) $e%%s 6it! ta"e)e 'e)%a""i


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L'(,5 s%e(e) $e%%s 6it! ta"e)e5 'e)%a""i

Hae t!i$5 !a)5 %i,(i@e se$'(a)# $e%% 6 S&a%%e) %0&e( t!a( :#%e& esse% N' siee "%ates at t!e e( 6a%%s

- T!e &'e&e(t '4 6ate) i( t)a$!eis* a+ 6ate) &'es sie6a# t!)'0,! t!e "its i( a t)a$!ei $e%%s 3e4')e ,'i(, 0"6a)


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, , " 3+ &'e&e(t '4 6ate) 0"6a)s is s%'6e) t!a(

esse%

RELATING THE STRUCTURE OF PHLOEM TOTRANSPORT


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- T)a(s"')t 4'' s0$! as s0,a)s a( a&i(' a$is 4 t!e %eaes 4') st')a,e i( ste& a( )''t

- T)a(s"')t 4'' 4)'& st')a,e i( )''ts t' 't!e) "a

"%a(ts.

8 ;86a# '6

- C'&"'(e(ts '4 "!%'e& * a+ siee t03e

3+ $'&"a(i'( $e%%s


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3+ $'&"a(i'( $e%%s

$+ "a)e($!#&a + @3)es

a+ Siee t03e

&ae 0" '4 a si(,%e )'6


175/207

8 &ae 0" '4 a si(,%e )'6

'4 e%'(,ate a( t!i(86a%% %ii(, $e%%s $a%%e siee t03e $e%%s. 8 A &at0)e siee t03e !as '(%# t!i( %a#e) '4 $#t'"%as&5 ('

(0$%e0s ') $e(t)a% a$0'%e5%'st &'st '4 its '),a(e%%es

8 Siee "%ates se"a)ate sieet03e $e%%s at 3't! e(s.

8 Siee "%ates a%%'6 $#t'"%as&i$ $'((e$ti'(s 3et6ee( e)ti$a%%#8sta$e $e%%s t t)a(s"')t 4'' 3# i20si'( a( a$tie t)a(s"'

3+ C'&"a(i'( $e%%

8 %ie (e:t t' ea$! siee t03e $e%%


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8 !as a (0$%e0s5 e('"%as&i$ )eti$0%0&5 )i3's'&es a(

&it'$!'()ia 8 ")'ie &eta3'%i$ s0""')t 4') t!e siee t03e $e%%s i( t!e t)a(s"')t '4

&a(04a$t0)e 4''

REMO-ING A RING OF PHLOEM TISSUEFROM A PLANT


177/207

-P!%'e& $a( 3e )e&'e 3# $0tti(, a )i(, '4 3a )e&'i(, it 4)'& t!e ste&.

- T!is K)i(,i(, $0ts '2 t!e s0""%# '4 4'' '6( 3e#'( t!e )i(,.- F'' t!at is t)a(s"')te 4)'& t!e %eaes '6(

i( t!e "!%'e& a$$0&0%ates a3'e t!e )i(,.- A4te) a 4e6 6ees5 t!e 3a) a3'e t!e )i(, s6e- T!is s!'6s t!at s0,a) t)a(s"')te '6(6a) i "!%'e&.

TRANSLOCATION


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8 M'e&e(t '4 s0,a)s a( 't!e) '),a(i$ &ate)ia% '(e "%a$e t' a('t!e) 6it!i( t!e "%a(t 3'#

-T!e i&"')ta($e* a+ ist)i30te 4'' t' 't!e) "a)ts '4 t!e "%a(ts

see5 )''t5 t03e). 3+ 6it!'0t t)a(s%'$ati'(5 "%a(ts 6'0% ('t 3e

&eta3'%ise 4'' 4') e(e),#5 ,)'6t! a(&ai(te(a($e

TRANSPIRATION


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-T!e %'ss '4 6ate) 3# ea"')ati'( 4)'& t!e "a)ts

"%a(ts t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata '4 t!e %eaes.

-T)a(s"i)ati'( '$$0)* a+ &ai(%# t!)'0,! t!e '"e( st'&ata ? '4 6

3+ 6a:# $0ti$%e ? e)# %itt%e 6ate) es$a"e t!)'0, $0ti$%e '4 t!e %eaes $+ %e(ti$e%s '4 6''# ste&


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PROCESS OF TRANSPIRATION


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- T!e)e a)e i(te)$e%%0%a) ai) s"a$es a&'(, t!e s"' &es'"!#%% $e%%.

- S"'(,# &es'"!#%% $e%% !as&'ist s0)4a$e

- Wate) ea"')ates 4)'&t!ese $e%%s i(t' t!ei(te)$e%%0%a) s"a$es a(

i20se t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata t' t!e )ie) ai) '0tsie t!e %ea4.

- As t!ese 3')e) '4 &es'"!#%% $e%%s %'se 6ate)5 t! sa" 3e$'&es &')e $'($e(t)ate a( t!e)e4')e 6ate) 3# 's&'sis 4)'& t!e $e%%s ee"e) i(sie t!


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8 T!ese $e%%s i( t0)( )a6 6ate) 4)'& t!e :#%e& '4"%a(t ei(s 3# 's&'sis.

8Wate) 4')&s a( 0(3)'e( 6ate) $!ai( 93# $'!esi

a!esi'( 4')$e '4 6ate) &'%e$0%e+ 4)'& t!e '0te s0)4a$e '4 %eaes t' t!e )''ts.

8As t!e 6ate) ea"')ates 4)'& t!e "%a(t %eaes5 t att)a$t 't!e) 6ate) &'%e$0%es 6!i$! a)e sti%% i( t t' t!e t'".


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*ranspiration in plants

THE IMPORTANCE OF TRANSPIRATION


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- T!e )'%es '4 t)a(s"i)ati'(*

a+ $''%i(, t!e "%a(ts As 6ate) ea"')ates 4)'& t!e %eaes5 it )e !eat 4)'& t!e "%a(t i( t!e 4')& '4 %ate(t !

a"')isati'(5 t!e)e3# $''%i(, t!e "%a(t

3+ P)'ie s0""')t 3# t0),') ")ess0)e 3e$a0se 6ate) i20se 4)'& !i,!e) $'($e(t t' %'6e) $'($e(t)ati'(5 a%% t!e $e%%s i( t!e

3e$'&e t0),i.

$+ T)a(s"')t 6ate) a( &i(e)a% sa%ts T)a(s"i)ati'( $)eate a t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%%5

6ate) a( iss'%e &i(e)a% sa%ts 0" t!e


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6ate) a( iss'%e &i(e)a% sa%ts 0" t!e

4)'& t!e )''t t' t!e %ea4.

- Ne,atie e2e$t '4 t)a(s"i)ati'(* a+ i4 t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( e:$ees t!e i(ta 6ate) 3# t!e )''ts5 "%a(ts ,)'6t! 6'0% 3e

3+ a(# e:$ess %'ss '4 6ate) $a0ses t!e "%a(t t'ie

THE PATHWAY OF WATER FROM SOIL TO THE LEA-ES


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St'&ata


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'bsorption and movement o water in plant

MO-EMENT OF WATER FROM SOIL TO ROOT

T!e $e%% sa" '4 )''t !ai)s is &')e $'($e(t)ate t


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8 T!e $e%% sa" '4 )''t !ai)s is &')e $'($e(t)ate t

s'i% 6ate).

8T!e !i,! s'%0te $'($e(t)ati'( '4 t!e $e%% sa" is t!e a$tie t)a(s"')t '4 t!e s'%0te &'%e$0%es i(t

$e%%.

8Wate) &'es 4)'& t!e s'i% 6ate) i(t' t!e $e%% sa !ai) 3# 's&'sis.

-W!e( 6ate) e(te) t!e a$0'%e '4 t!e )''t !ai) $ a+ t!e $e%% sa" 3e$'&es i%0te a( its $'($e(t) a( 's&'ti$ ")ess0)e a)e )e0$e

3+ t!e t0),') ")ess0)e '4 t!e $e%% i($)ease a( ) its s0$ti'( ")ess0)e $+ t!e $e%% sa" 3e$'&e !#"'t'(i$ t!e $e%% sa" '4


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a7a$e(t $e%%

-Wate) 4)'& !#"'t'(i$ )''t !ai) $e%% sa" &'e t'a7a$e(t !#"e)t'(i$ $e%%s.

8T!e)e4')e5 6ate) &'e '0t 4)'& t!e )''t !ai) $e% a7a$e(t $e%%s5 $')te: a( t!e( i(t' t!e :#%e&.

PATHWAY OF WATER UP THE STEM


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-T!e &'e&e(t '4 6ate) i( t!e :#%e& 0" t!e stee2e$te 3#* a+ )''t ")ess0)e 3+ t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%% $+ $'!esi'(8 a!esi'( t!e')# '4 6ate)

a+ R''t ")ess0)e

8 t!e "0%%i(,J '4 6ate) i(t' t!e :#%e& 4)'& t!s0))'0(i(, $e%%s ")'0$es a !#)'stati$ ")e


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s0))'0(i(, $e%%s ")'0$es a !#)'stati$ ")e

i(sie t!e :#%e&5 4')$i(, 6ate) 0"6a)s. 8 t!is "'sitie ")ess0)e is $a%%e )''t ")ess0)e

3+ T)a(s"i)ati'( "0%% 8 6!e( 6ate) ea"')ates 4)'& &es'"!#%% $e%%s5

$e%% sa" 3e$'&es &')e $'($e(t)ate.


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"

8 t!ese &es'"!#%% $e%%s i( t0)( )a6 6ate) 3#'s&'sis 4)'& t!e $e%%s 4'0(i( ee"e) i(sie t!e %ea4.

8 t!ese i((e) $e%%s 6!i$! a)e a7a$e(t t' t!e ei(s )a6

6ate) 4)'& t!e& 3# 's&'sis.

8 t!e $'%0&( '4 6ate) is$'(ti(0'0s 4)'& t!e )''t 0"t' t!e %eaes

- as t!e &es'"!#%% $e%%s s0$J 6ate) 4)'& t!e : esse%5 t!e 6!'%e $'%0&( '4 6ate) is "0%%e 0 )''t t' %ea4 90e t' $'!esie a( a!esie '4


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9

&'%e$0%e+

8 T!e "0%%i(, 4')$e is $a%%e t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%%

$+ C'!esi'(8a!esi'( t!e')# '4 6ate)

8 t!e $'(ti(0'0s '6 '4 6ate) t!)'0,! t!e :


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e"e(s '( t6' i&"')ta(t ")'"e)ties* i+ $'!esi'( ? att)a$ti'( 3et6ee( 6ate) a(

&'%e$0%es ii+ a!esi'( ? att)a$ti'( 3et6ee( 6ate) a( esse%

8 t!is is 6!# 6ate) 4')&s a $'(ti(0'0s 6ate)0" t!e :#%e& esse% 6!i%e 3ei(, s0$e 0"t!e t)a(s"i)ati'( "0%%.

EXTERNAL CONDITIONS AFFECTINGTRANSPIRATION

T!e a&'0(t '4 6ate) %'st 4)'& t!e "%a(t i( t)a(


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8 T!e a&'0(t '4 6ate) %'st 4)'& t!e "%a(t i( t)a(

e"e( '(* a+ %i,!t i(te(sit# 3+ te&"e)at0)e $+ )e%atie !0&iit#

+ ai) &'e&e(t

a+ Li,!t i(te(sit# 8 ,0a) $e%%s )e,0%ate t!e size '4 t!e st'&at '"e(i(,s*


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" ,

i+ 0(e) !i,! %i,!t i(te(sit#5 t!e st'&ata ' e(%a),e a( t)a(s"i)ati'( i($)ease ii+0(e) %'6 %i,!t i(te(sit#5 t!e st'&ata '" e$)ease a( t)a(s"i)ati'( e$)eases

8 t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( is i)e$t%# ")'"')ti t!e i(te(sit# '4 %i,!t.

3+ Te&"e)at0)e 8 Hi,! te&"e)at0)e i($)ease t!e i(eti$ e(e) 6ate) &'%e$0%es 6!i$! i($)eases t!e )ate '

i20si'( t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata


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i20si'( t!)'0,! t!e st'&ata

8 t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( is i)e$t%# ")'"')ti t' te&"e)at0)e

$+ Re%atie !0&iit#

8 i(te)$e%%0%a) ai) s"a$es i( t!e %ea4 a)e sat0)


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6ate) a"'0).

8 6ate) a"'0) i20se 4)'& t!e i(te)$e%%0%a)t!e ai) '0tsie.

8 t!is sat0)ate 6ate) a"'0) i20se '0t '4 t a * i+ !i,!e) )ate i4 t!e ai) '0tsie is )# 9!i, )e%atie !0&iit#+

ii+ %'6e) )ate i4 t!e ai) '0tsie is a&" 9%' !0&iit#+


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,raph humidity

+ Ai) &'e&e(t

8 I( sti%% ai)5 6ate) a"'0) t!at i20se '0t t!)'


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st'&ata 4')&s a %a#e) '4 sti%% &'ist ai) a)'0( %ea4

8 M'ist ai) e$)ease t!e )ate '4 6ate) a"'0)a( )'" t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'(.

8 M'i(, ai) $a))# a6a# t!is %a#e) '4 &'ist ai) 4 a)'0( a %ea4 a( i($)ease t!e )ate '4 t)a(s"

8 T!e )ate '4 t)a(s"i)ati'( is i)e$t%# ")'"')ti' t!e e%'$it# '4 t!e ai) $0))e(t.


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THE OPENING AND THE CLOSING OF THESTOMA


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- T!e 0(ee( t!i$e(i(, '4 t!e '0te) a( i((e) 6 t!e ,0a) $e%%s ")'ie a &e$!a(is& 4') t!e '" a( t!e $%'si(, '4 t!e st'&a.

- T!e i((e) $'($ae 6a%% '4 ea$!

,0a) $e%% is e)# t!i$5 30t t!e '0te) $'(e: 6a%% is t!i((e)

- F') !i,! %i,!t i(te(sit#5 t!e )ate

'4 "!'t's#(t!esis i($)ease a(t!e ,0a) $e%%s a3s')3 6ate)

a( 3e$'&e t0),i.

- Wate) i( ea$! ,0a) $e%% "0s! t!e t!i( '0te) 6 t!at e(%a),e t!e st'&ata '"e(i(,.


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- U(e) "'') %i,!t5 t!e t0),') ")ess0)e '4 t!e ,0 )'"5 it 3e$'&e a$$i a( t!e st'&a 3e$'&e

s&a%%e) ') $%'ses.

HOW STOMA OPENS IN DAYLIGHT

- P!'t's#(t!esis tae "%a$e i( t!e ,0a) $e%%


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# " ,

S0,a)a$$0&0%ates i(

,0a) $e%%

Os&'ti$ ")ess0)ei( ,0a) $e%%

i($)ease

Wate) e(te) t!e,0a) $e%% 3#'s&'sis

G0a) $e%%3e$'&e t0),i

St'&a '"e(s

8 P!'t's#(t!esis tae "%a$e i( t!e %ea4 $e%%s

C'($e(t)ati'( '4CO; i( t!e %ea4 "

H ,'es 0"Sta)$! i( t!e $e%% is

$'(e)te i(t'


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CO;i( t!e %ea4

$e%% )'"s

"H ,'es 0" $'(e)te i(t'

s0,a)

St'&a '"e(

HOW STOMA CLOSES AT NIGHT

P!'t's#(t!esis i( ,0a) $e%%s st'"


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8 P!'t's#(t!esis i( ,0a) $e%%s st'"

C'($e(t)ati'('4 s0,a) i(

,0a) $e%%e$)ease

Os&'ti$")ess0)ei( ,0a)

$e%%e$)ease

Wate)%eaes,0a)$e%% 3#

's&'sis

G0a)$e%%

a$$i

St'&a $%'se

- P!'t's#(t!esis i( t!e %ea4 $e%%s st'"

C t ti S i


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C'($e(t)ati'( '4 CO; i(i(te)$e%%0%a)s"a$e )ise

"H,'es'6(

S0,a) is$'(e)t

t'sta)$!

St'&a$%'se

Chapter 10 (Transport System)

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Transcript of Chapter 10 (Transport System)