Chapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth. Plants Nonvascular- no system of transport Vascular-system...
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Transcript of Chapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth. Plants Nonvascular- no system of transport Vascular-system...
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Chapter #35~ Plant Structure and Growth
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Plants
• Nonvascular- no system of transport
• Vascular-system of transport (simple & complex)
• Gymnosperms – conifers…
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Figure 35.1 A comparison of monocots and dicots
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Angiosperm (flowering plants) structure
• Three basic organs: roots, stems, leaves– Roots (root system)
• fibrous: mat of thin roots
-- grass
• taproot: one large, vertical root -- carrot
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• Stems (shoot system) – nodes: leave attachment – internodes: stem segments – axillary bud: dormant, vegetative
potential – terminal bud: apex of young shoot – apical dominance: inhibition of axillary
buds by terminal bud in young shoots
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• Leaves (shoot system)– blade– petiole
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Plant organ systems made of 3 tissue types
• 1. Dermal (epidermis): single layer of cells for protection
• cuticle
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• 2. Vascular (material transport)– xylem: transports water and dissolved minerals
roots to shoots• 2 types of xylem cells: tracheids & vessel elements:
elongated cells dead at maturity
– phloem: transports food from leaves to roots and fruits
• sieve-tube members: (cells w/no nuclei or ribosomes) phloem tubes alive at maturity capped by sieve plates where 2 cells meet; companion cells (support cells for sieve cells)connected by plasmodesmata (thin tubes of cytoplasm)
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Plant Tissue Cell Types• 3. Ground Tissues
– Parenchymaprimary walls thin and flexible; no secondary walls; large central vacuole; most metabolic functions of plant (chloroplasts)
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• Collenchyma-- unevenly thick primary walls used for flexible plant support (no secondary walls ; no lignin- hardening agent)
• Sclerenchyma-- support element strengthened by secondary cell walls with lignin (may be dead; xylem cells); fibers (used to make hemp rope) and sclereids for support – (used to for nutshells)
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Lily Parenchyma Cell (cross-section) (TEM x7,210). Note the large nucleus and nucleolus in the center of the cell, mitochondria and plastids in the cytoplasm.
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Sclerenchyma cells. Some sclerenchyma cells occur in the fruits of Pear. These cells (sclerieds or stone cells)give pears their gritty texture
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Collenchyma cells. Note the thick walls on the collenchyma cells occurring at the edges of the stem cross section
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Plant Growth- life cycles
• Life Cycles
• annuals: 1 year (wildflowers; food crops)
• biennials: 2 years (beets; carrots)
• perennials: many years (trees; shrubs)
• Meristems
• apical: tips of roots and buds; primary growth
• lateral: cylinders of dividing cells along length of roots and stems; secondary growth (wood)
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Primary growth – originates from apical meristem
• Roots
• root cap~ protection of meristem
• zone of cell division~ primary (apical) meristem
• zone of elongation~ cells elongate; pushes root tip
• zone of maturation~ differentiation of cells (formation of 3 tissue systems)
• Vid root growth
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Primary Tissues of Roots• Outer lining of root is epidermis –cells give rise to root hairs that increase surface
area• Cortex~ moving in we get to the cortex – starch storing receptacle• endodermis – innermost layer of cortex – cylinder of cells
– walls between endodermis cells create casparian strip which blocks water from passing
• vascular cylinder – in from endodermis – composed of cells known as pericycle– Lateral roots~ arise from pericycle
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Primary Tissues of Stems• a. from outside to inside: epidermis (covered with waxy cutin for
protection)→ cortex of stem contains parenchyma, collenchyma & schlerenchyma cells → (no endodermis because stem is not involved in water absorption) → vascular cylinder w/xylem & phloem
• b. vascular cambium – extends along entire length of plant – creates secondary xylem & phloem produced each year (tree rings)
• c. cork cambium – thick cover for stems & roots – it replaces epidermis when it dries up & falls off during secondary growth (protection)
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Primary Tissues of Leaves• Epidermis/cuticle (waxy protection; prevent desiccation)
• Stomata (tiny pores for gas exchange and transpiration)/open & closed by guard cells
• Mesophyll: ground tissue between upper and lower epidermis (parenchyma with chloroplasts); palisade (most photosynthesis) and spongy (gas circulation)
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Secondary Growth- increases girth of plant (woody tissue)
• F. Secondary Growth- increases girth of plant (woody tissue) - occurs at 2 lateral meristems