Energetic Metabolism Observing the Effects of Respiration and Photosynthesis.
Chapter 10 Plant Metabolism I. Introduction This chapter will only deal with basic primary...
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Transcript of Chapter 10 Plant Metabolism I. Introduction This chapter will only deal with basic primary...
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Chapter 10
Plant Metabolism
I. Introduction
This chapter will only deal with basic primary metabolism which includes:
A. Photosynthesis
B. Respiration
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II. Photosynthesis
A. The Essence of Photosynthesis
1. Photosynthesis defined • energy from sunlight is converted into chemical bond
energy in the form of carbohydrates
2. Summary equation for photosynthesis
chlorophyll6CO2 + 12 H2O + light energy --------------> C6H12O6 + 6 O2 + 6 H2O
enzymes
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3. Principle ingredients
a. Carbon dioxide (CO2)
b. Water
c. Light
d. Chlorophyll
1) Several types
2) All magnesium containing molecules
3) Light harvesting complex called a photosynthetic unit• 250-400 pigment molecules
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B. Introduction to the Major Steps of Photosynthesis 1. The Light reactions a. Reactions take place in thylakoid membranes of
chloroplast • light required
b. Water split, producing hydrogen ions and electrons, O2 gas released
c. ATP created d. NADPH + H+ created
2. The Dark reactions (Calvin cycle) a. Reactions take place in stroma of chloroplast • light not required, hence "dark" reactions b. Calvin cycle 1) Carbon dioxide from air combined with 5-carbon
sugar 2) Glucose formed through several reaction steps
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C. A Closer Look at Photosynthesis 1. Historical perspective
2. The Light reactions reexamined a. Nature of light 1) Wave and particle theory of light 2) Photoelectric effect 3) Photons • discrete packets of light energy
b. Chlorophyll pigments • each pigment has typical absorption spectrum
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c. Consequences of light absorption by chlorophyll
1) Emit light immediately (fluorescence) 2) Emit light after a delay (phosphorescence) 3) Absorbed energy converted to heat 4) Absorbed energy converted and stored in chemical
bond energy (photosynthesis)
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d. Photosystem I contains 1) 200 or more chlorophyll a molecules 2) Small amount of chlorophyll b 3) Carotenoid pigment with protein attached 4) Special reaction-center molecule of chlorophyll a
called P700 5) Iron-sulfur proteins (electron acceptors)
e. Photosystem II contains 1) Chlorophyll a molecules 2) ß-carotene pigments attached to protein 3) Small amount of chlorophyll b 4) Special reaction-center molecule of chlorophyll a
called P680 5) Primary electron acceptor molecule called pheophytin
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f. Photolysis
g. Photophosphorylation
h. Chemiosmosis
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3. The Dark reactions reexamined
a. The Calvin cycle (3-carbon pathway)
b. The 4-carbon pathway
4. CAM photosynthesis
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III. Respiration
A. The Essence of Respiration
1. Respiration defined
• energy releasing process where simple sugars are broken down during a series of stages controlled by enzymes
2. Summary equation for respiration
enzymesC6H12O6 + 6 O2 --------------> 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + nenergy
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3. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
Two forms
enzymes
C6H12O6 -----------------> ethyl alcohol + carbon dioxide + energy (ATP)
enzymes
C6H12O6 ------------------> lactic acid + energy (ATP)
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B. Introduction to the Major Steps of Respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Aerobic respiration
a. The Krebs cycle
b. The Electron transport chain
3. Anaerobic respiration and fermentation
4. Factors affecting the rate of respiration a. Temperature b. Water c. Oxygen
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C. A Closer Look at Respiration
1. Glycolysis reexamined
a. Phosphorylation
b. Sugar cleavage
c. Pyruvic acid formation
2. The Krebs cycle reexamined
3. The Electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation
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IV. Assimilation and Digestion
A. Assimilation Defined
• use of photosynthetic products in the building of protoplasm and cell walls
B. Digestion Defined
• conversion of starch and other insoluble carbohydrates to soluble forms
C. Examples