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![Page 1: Chapter 1: The Science of Child Development. Chapter 1: The Science of Child Development Chapter 1 contains four modules: Module 1.1 Setting the Stage.](https://reader034.fdocuments.us/reader034/viewer/2022042822/56649e925503460f94b97d91/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 1:
The Science of Child Development
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Chapter 1: The Science of Child Development
Chapter 1 contains four modules:
Module 1.1 Setting the Stage
Module 1.2 Foundational Theories of Child Development
Module 1.3 Themes in Child-Development Research
Module 1.4 Doing Child Development Research
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Setting the Stage
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Philosophers have long speculated on the nature of childhood
• Plato • Aristotle• Locke• Rousseau
Do you know the difference between each view?
Historical Views of Children and Childhood
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Historical Views of Children and Childhood
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Reform During Industrial Revolution
• Rural to urban transformation• Child workers
Origins of a New Science
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Darwin• Detailed, systematic observations (baby biographies)
• Application of child-development research
Origins of a New Science
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New Science Leaders•G. Stanley Hall•Binet•Freud•Watson and Skinner
New Organization and Journal•SRCD•Applied Developmental Psychology
Origins of a New Science
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Foundational Theories of Child Development
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• Organized set of ideas designed to explain and predict
• Leads to hypotheses that are tested, then confirmed or rejected
What is a theory?
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Important theorist and concepts
Lorenz• Critical period• Imprinting
Can you provide an example for each?
Biological Perspective
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Development is determined by how child resolves conflicts at different ages
Freud• Psychosexual development• Components of personality
Psychodynamic Perspective
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Development is determined by how a child resolves conflicts at different ages
Erikson• Psychosocial development• Stages with psychosocial crises
Psychodynamic Perspective
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Early learning theories emphasized the importance of experience in development
B.F. Skinner• Operant conditioning• Reinforcement and punishment
Learning Perspective
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Other learning theorists suggested that children can learn by observing others
Bandura• Social cognitive theory• Imitation or observational learning
Learning Perspective
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Development reflects children’s efforts to understand the world
Jean Piaget• Four-stage sequence• Child as scientist and theorist• Cognition more sophisticated with age
The Cognitive-Developmental Perspective
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Development is determined by immediate and more distant environments, which typically influence each other
Lev Vygotsky• Importance of cultural context
Contextual Perspective
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Themes in Child Development Research
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Early Development is Related to Later Development
The continuity-discontinuity issue:
Development is not completely rigid, nor completely flexible!
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Development is Jointly Influenced by Heredity and Environment
The nature-nurture issue:
Major goal of child development research is to understand joint contributions of
heredity and environment.
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Children Influence Their Own Development
The active-passive child issue:
Can you think of ways in which both may apply to children’s cognitive development?
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Development in Different Domains is Connected
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Doing Child Development Research
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Measurement in Child-Development Research
Decision Points• How to measure phenomenon of interest• How to design study• How to respect rights of human subjects• How to communicate results to other
researchers
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Measurement in Child-Development Research
Approaches
• Systematic observation
• Sampling behavior with tasks
• Self report
• Physiological response measurement
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Evaluating Measurement in Child-Development Research
Measurement Methods• Reliability• Validity
Representative Sampling• Populations• Samples
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General Designs for Research
Research Design: Correlational Studies• View of relations as these exist in real world• Expressed as a correlation coefficient, r, that
ranges from -1 to 1 • Positive correlation vs. negative correlation
Can you interpret the correlation coefficient on the next slide?
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Three Interpretations of a Correlation Coefficient
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General Designs for Research
Research Design: Experimental Studies• Experiments systematically manipulate key
variables selected by investigator
• Field experiments• Quasi-experiments
Look for the independent and dependent variables on the next slide.
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Example of an Experiment
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Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes
Research Designs: Age-Related Changes• Longitudinal design
• Microgenetic study
• Cross-sectional design
• Longitudinal-sequential studies
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Longitudinal Study
• Same children observed/tested repeatedly at different points in their lives
• Microgenetic studies
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Cross-Sectional Study
• Children of different ages tested at one point in their development
• Developmental changes identified
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Longitudinal-Sequential Study
• Different sequence of children tested longitudinally
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Designs for Studying Age-Related Changes
Research Designs: Meta-analysis• Synthesize results of many studies to estimate
relations between variables
• Determine whether finding generalizes across many studies that used different methods
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Ethical Responsibilities
Why are ethics important in research?• Minimize risks to research participants• Describe the research to potential participants• Avoid deceiving participants• Keep results anonymous or confidential
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Communicating Research Results
• Research results reported in scientific journals
• Results of individual studies in text will be reported in the Focus on Research features of the text