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Chapter 1Chapter 1

Introduction to the Human BodyIntroduction to the Human Body

B. SoutoB. Souto

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IntroductionIntroduction1. Definitions1. Definitions Anatomy is the study of structure or morphology Anatomy is the study of structure or morphology

Physiology is the study of function.Physiology is the study of function.

PathophysiologyPathophysiology

2. 2. Structure and function go together Structure and function go together (Figure 1-1)(Figure 1-1)

Name a body part/note function; note the relationship Name a body part/note function; note the relationship between structure and function.between structure and function.

3. 3. Anatomists of old were Anatomists of old were ““grave robbersgrave robbers” ” explain this explain this statementstatement..

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The Body’s Levels of OrganizationThe Body’s Levels of OrganizationFrom Simple to ComplexFrom Simple to Complex

The body is arranged from simple ( cells) to complex ( organisms). The body is arranged from simple ( cells) to complex ( organisms). See Fig 1-2See Fig 1-2

• There are 4 structural levels of the human body ( cells, tissues, organs There are 4 structural levels of the human body ( cells, tissues, organs (viscera)(viscera) and systems)and systems)

Structure and function are relatedStructure and function are related..

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The Body’s Levels of Organization - The Body’s Levels of Organization - cont’dcont’d

Major Organ SystemsMajor Organ Systems An organ system is a group of organs that help each other to perform An organ system is a group of organs that help each other to perform

a particular function ( see Fig.1-3). There are 11 major organ systems.a particular function ( see Fig.1-3). There are 11 major organ systems.

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HomeostasisHomeostasis DefinitionDefinition:: The body’s ability to The body’s ability to

maintain a stable internal maintain a stable internal environment in response to a environment in response to a changing external environment.changing external environment.

Homeostatic mechanismsHomeostatic mechanisms Temperature regulationTemperature regulation

Blood glucose controlBlood glucose control

Blood pressure regulationBlood pressure regulation

Water balanceWater balance

Homeostatic imbalancesHomeostatic imbalances Hyperthermia and hypothermiaHyperthermia and hypothermia

Hyperglycemia and hypoglycemiaHyperglycemia and hypoglycemia

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Anatomical Terms: Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body Talking About the Body

Anatomical PositionAnatomical Position The anatomical position The anatomical position is the body is the body

standing erect, arms by the side, with standing erect, arms by the side, with palms facing forward palms facing forward ( Fig. 1-4).( Fig. 1-4).

Relative PositionsRelative Positions-paired terms that -paired terms that describe direction include superior and describe direction include superior and inferior, anterior and posterior, medial inferior, anterior and posterior, medial and lateral, proximal and distal, and lateral, proximal and distal, superficial and deep, and central and superficial and deep, and central and peripheral.peripheral.

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Anatomicalposition

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Do you know the answers? Do you know the answers?

In which body positions are these diagrams?In which body positions are these diagrams?

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Hint:You are lying on your spine in this position. The answer rhymes with spine

Note words are not in text but this is testable information!

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Are you able to do this?Are you able to do this?

Directional Terms Directional Terms 1. anterior (ventral)--the front side of the 1. anterior (ventral)--the front side of the

bodybody

2. posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the 2. posterior (dorsal)--the back side of the bodybody

3. superior (cranial)--toward the head3. superior (cranial)--toward the head

4. inferior (caudal)--away from the head4. inferior (caudal)--away from the head

5. medial--toward the midline of the body5. medial--toward the midline of the body

6. lateral--away from the midline of the 6. lateral--away from the midline of the bodybody

7. proximal--closer to the point of 7. proximal--closer to the point of attachmentattachment

8. distal--farther from the point of 8. distal--farther from the point of attachmentattachment

9. superficial (external)--located close to or 9. superficial (external)--located close to or on the body surfaceon the body surface

10. deep (internal)--located beneath the 10. deep (internal)--located beneath the body surfacebody surface

Draw arrows showingDraw arrows showing

the direction of eachthe direction of each

of the terms from the notes on the leftof the terms from the notes on the left..

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Can you identify the Body Planes?Can you identify the Body Planes?

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The three planes are the sagittal The three planes are the sagittal plane, frontal (coronal) plane, plane, frontal (coronal) plane, and transverse plane ( see Fig. and transverse plane ( see Fig. 1-5).1-5).

1. Sagittal--longitudinal section that divides the body into right and left portions

a. median or midsagittal--directly down the middle of the body

b. parasagittal*--divides anywhere except for right down the middle; divides the body into unequal parts ( not in text).

2. Frontal (coronal)--divides the body into anterior and posterior portions

3. 3. TTransverse--divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) portions

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Regional Terms ( Fig. 1-6)Regional Terms ( Fig. 1-6)

Regional terms ( anterior & posterior) Regional terms ( anterior & posterior) are are listed in Figure 1-6listed in Figure 1-6. . All words are testable!All words are testable!

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Anatomical Terms: Anatomical Terms: Talking About the Body Talking About the Body - cont’d- cont’d

Cavities of the BodyCavities of the Body Dorsal cavityDorsal cavity

• The cranial cavity contains the brain.The cranial cavity contains the brain.

• The spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains The spinal cavity, or vertebral cavity, contains the spinal cord.the spinal cord.

Ventral CavityVentral Cavity

• The thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm and The thoracic cavity is above the diaphragm and contains the lungs; it also contains the contains the lungs; it also contains the mediastinum. mediastinum.

Must be able to name organs located in each cavity!Must be able to name organs located in each cavity!

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Anatomical Terms: Anatomical Terms: Talking About the BodyTalking About the Body - cont’d - cont’d

The The abdominopelvic cavity abdominopelvic cavity is located below is located below the diaphragm.the diaphragm. The abdominal cavity is the upper part that contains the The abdominal cavity is the upper part that contains the

stomach, most of the intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys.stomach, most of the intestines, liver, spleen, and kidneys.

The pelvic cavity is the lower part that contains the The pelvic cavity is the lower part that contains the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and lower part of the intestines.intestines.

For reference, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four For reference, the abdominopelvic cavity is divided into four quadrants and nine regions.quadrants and nine regions.

Other small cavities discussed later in text.Other small cavities discussed later in text.

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Abdominal quadrants and regionsAbdominal quadrants and regionsWhy is the abdomen divided into quadrants and Why is the abdomen divided into quadrants and

regions?regions?

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Can you fill in the diagram with the abdominal regions?

What are the abbreviations foreach quadrant?

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A&P Review ResourcesA&P Review Resources

http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/http://academic.kellogg.edu/herbrandsonc/bio201_McKinley/chapter1.htmchapter1.htm

http://www.studystack.com/Anatomyhttp://www.studystack.com/Anatomy

Anatomy ArcadeAnatomy Arcade

Anatomy Arcade - Match A Body SystemAnatomy Arcade - Match A Body System

Do Something Cool - PsTL 1135Do Something Cool - PsTL 1135

(The Bones Body Regions video is neat)(The Bones Body Regions video is neat)

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Clinical CorrelationClinical Correlation

A patient is admitted with pain in the A patient is admitted with pain in the periumbilical region. Within 24 hours, the periumbilical region. Within 24 hours, the pain has localized in the RLQ. She is pain has localized in the RLQ. She is diagnosed with ________________?diagnosed with ________________?

A patient experiences midepigastric A patient experiences midepigastric pain that radiates to the right subscapular pain that radiates to the right subscapular region. She is diagnosed with region. She is diagnosed with _________________?_________________?

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