Chapter 1 Biology is the scientific study of life.
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Transcript of Chapter 1 Biology is the scientific study of life.
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Chapter 1
Biology is the scientific study of life
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• Life is investigated from the microscopic (microbiology) to the global scale (global warming)
• Biological organization is based on a hierarchy of structural levels
Exploring Life
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A Hierarchy (levels) of Biological Organization
Biosphere: all environments on Earth (the part of the earth, including air, land, surface rocks, and water, within which life occurs, and which biotic processes in turn alter or transform their envirnment).
Ecosystem: all living and nonliving things in a particular area.
Community: all organisms in an ecosystem
Population: all individuals of a species in a particular area.
Organism: an individual living thing.
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A Hierarchy of Biological Organization (continued)
Organ and organ systems: specialized body parts made up of tissues.
Tissue: a group of similar cells.
Cell: life’s fundamental unit of structure and function.
Organelle: a structural component of a cell.
Molecule: a chemical structure consisting of atoms.
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Ecosystems
The biosphere
Organisms
Populations
Communities
Cells
Organelles
Molecules
Tissues
Organs and organ systems
Cell1 µm
Atoms
10 µm
50 µm
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Life, a lot going on
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Ecosystem Dynamics
The dynamics of an ecosystem include two major processes: Cycling of nutrients, in which materials
acquired by plants eventually return to the soil The flow of energy from sunlight to producers
to consumers
Each organism interacts with its environment Both organism and environment affect each
other
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Energy Conversion
Activities of life require work.
Work depends on sources of energy.
Energy exchange between an organism and environment often involves energy transformations.
In transformations, some energy is lost as heat.
Energy flows through an ecosystem, usually entering as light and exiting as heat.
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LE 1-4
Sunlight
Ecosystem
Heat
Heat
Chemicalenergy
Consumers(including animals)
Producers(plants and otherphotosynthetic
organisms)
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A Closer Look at Cells
The cell is the lowest level of organization that can perform all activities of life
The ability of cells to divide is the basis of all reproduction, growth, and repair of multicellular organisms
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25 µm
Cells contain DNA, the heritable information that directs the cell’s activities
DNA is the substance of genes. Genes are the units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
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Sperm cell
NucleicontainingDNA
Egg cell
Fertilized eggwith DNA fromboth parents
Embryo’s cells With copies of inherited DNA
Offspring with traits inherited from both parents
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DNA double helix Single strand of DNA
Nucleotide
Cell
Nucleus DNA
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Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic Cells
Characteristics shared by all cells: Enclosed by a membrane Use DNA as genetic information
Two main forms of cells: Eukaryotic: divided into organelles; DNA in
nucleus Prokaryotic: lack organelles; DNA not separated
in a nucleus
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Membrane
Cytoplasm
EUKARYOTIC CELL PROKARYOTIC CELL
DNA(no nucleus)
Membrane
1 µm
Organelles
Nucleus (contains DNA)
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Biologists explore life across a great diversity of species (1.8 million named)
Estimates of total species range from 10 million to over 200 million
Taxonomy is the branch of biology that names and classifies species into a hierarchical order
Kingdoms and domains are the broadest units of classification
Taxonomy (naming species)
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Ursidae
Ursus
Carnivora
Mammalia
Chordata
Animalia
Eukarya
Species Genus Family Order Class Phylum Kingdom DomainUrsusamericanus(Americanblack bear)
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The Three Domains of Life
Bacteria (Most of the Known Prokaryotes )
Archaea (Prokaryotes of Extreme Environments )
Eukarya (eukaryotes) Eukaryotes include protists and the kingdoms
Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia
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LE 1-15
Bacteria 4 µm 100 µm
0.5 µm
Kingdom PlantaeProtists
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom FungiArchaea
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Evolution accounts for life’s unity and diversity
The history of life is a continuing saga of a changing Earth billions of years old
How did we get where we are?
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The evolutionary view of life came into sharp focus in 1859, when Charles Darwin published On the Origin of Species by Natural Selection
“Darwinism” became almost synonymous with the concept of evolution
Gregor Johann Mendel 1822 - 1884
Evolution
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The Origin of Species articulated two main points: Descent with modification (the view that
contemporary species arose from a succession of ancestors)
Natural selection (a proposed mechanism for descent with modification)
Some examples of descent with modification are unity and diversity in the orchid family
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Natural Selection
Darwin inferred natural selection by connecting two observations: Observation: Individual variation in heritable
traits Observation: Overpopulation and competition Inference: Unequal reproductive success Inference: Evolutionary adaptation
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Natural selection can “edit” a population’s heritable variations
An example is the effect of birds preying on a beetle population
Natural Selection (continued)
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Population with varied inherited traits
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Increasing frequency of traits that enhancesurvival and reproductive success
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The Tree of Life
Many related organisms have similar features adapted for specific ways of life.
Such kinships connect life’s unity and diversity to descent with modification.
Natural selection eventually produces new species from ancestral species.
Biologists often show evolutionary relationships in a treelike diagram.
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Largeground finch
Large cactusground finch
Sharp-beakedground finch
Geospizamagnirostris
Geospizaconirostris
Mediumground finch
Geospizafuliginosa
Smallground finch
Woodpecker finch
Camarhynchuspsittacula
Large tree finch
Medium tree finch
Cactusground finch
Geospizadifficilis
Cactus flowereaters
Geospizascandens
Seed eater
Ground finches
Seed eaters
Tree finches
Common ancestor fromSouth American mainland
Insect eaters Bud eater
Warbler finches
Mangrove finchGeospiza
fortis
Cactospizapallida Small
tree finch
Camarhynchuspauper
Camarhynchusparvulus
Greenwarblerfinch
Graywarblerfinch
Certhideaolivacea
Certhideafusca
Vegetarianfinch
Platyspizacrassirostris
Cactospizaheliobates
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Biologists use various forms of inquiry to explore life.
Inquiry is a search for information and explanation, often focusing on specific questions.
The process of science blends two main processes of scientific inquiry: Discovery science (natural history): describing
nature Hypothesis-based science: explaining nature
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Discovery Science (natural history)
Discovery science describes nature through careful observation and data analysis
Examples of discovery science: understanding cell structure expanding databases of genomes
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Types of Data
Data are recorded observations
Two types of data: Quantitative data: numerical measurements Qualitative data: recorded descriptions
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Induction in Discovery Science
Inductive reasoning involves generalizing based on many specific observations
The premises of an argument are believed to support the conclusion but do not ensure it.
• The stove top is hot: all stove tops are hot• A bird flies: all birds fly
Deduction: If the premises are true then the conclusion must be true
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Hypothesis-Based Science
In science, inquiry usually involves proposing and testing hypotheses.
Hypotheses are hypothetical explanations.
In science, a hypothesis is a tentative answer to a well-framed question.
A hypothesis is an explanation on trial, making a prediction that can be tested.
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
Observations
Question
Observation: Flashlight does not work
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Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burnt-out bulb
Test prediction
Test falsifies hypothesis
Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem
Prediction:Replacing bulbwill fix problem
Test prediction
Test does not falsify hypothesis
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Deduction: The “If…then”
Deductive reasoning, the logic flows from the general to the specific; thus, If a hypothesis is correct, then we can expect a particular outcome.
A scientific hypothesis must have two important qualities: It must be testable It must be falsifiable
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The Myth of the Scientific Method
The scientific method is an idealized process of inquiry
Very few scientific inquiries adhere rigidly to the “textbook” scientific method – probably more true in biology than physics or chemistry.
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In mimicry, a harmless species resembles a harmful species
An example of mimicry is a stinging honeybee and a nonstinging mimic, a flower fly
A Case Study in Scientific Inquiry: Investigating Mimicry in Snake
Populations
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LE 1-26
Flower fly (nonstinging)
Honeybee (stinging)
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This case study examines king snakes’ mimicry of poisonous coral snakes
The hypothesis states that mimics benefit when predators mistake them for harmful species
The mimicry hypothesis predicts that predators in non–coral snake areas will attack king snakes more frequently than will predators that live where coral snakes are present
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LE 1-27
Scarlet king snake
Eastern coralsnake
Scarlet king snake
Key
Range of scarlet king snake
NorthCarolina
Range of easterncoral snake
SouthCarolina
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Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes
Artificial snakes:
An experimental group resembling king snakes
A control group resembling plain brown snakes
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LE 1-28
(a) Artificial king snake
(b) Artificial brown snake that has been attacked
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Equal numbers of both types were placed at field sites, including areas without coral snakes
After four weeks the artificial snakes were retrieved and bite/claw marks recordered
The data fit the predictions of the mimicry hypothesis
Field Experiments with Artificial Snakes (continued)
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In areas where coral snakes were present, most attacks were on brown artificial snakes.
In areas where coral snakeswere absent, most attacks
were on artificial king snakes.
LE 1-29
% of attacks onartificial king snakes
% of attacks onbrown artificial snakes
Field site withartificial snakes
83%
NorthCarolina
SouthCarolina
17%
16%
84%
Key
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• QUESTION: How will the amount of fertilizer used affect plant growth?
• HYPOTHESIS: Increased dosages of fertilized will cause greater growth in tomato plants.
• TEST VARIABLE: The amount of fertilizer used. • TEST CONSTANTS: • The seeds must all come from the same package. • All seeds must be planted in the same sized pots with similar soil. • All plants must receive exactly the same amount of water and light. • The temperature should be the same for all test plants. • More than one plant should be used in each test group (in case one
type of seed grows better at this time of year than another). • More than one seed should be placed in each container (in case one
seed is damaged). • Set one group as the CONTROL GROUP. This group is not given
fertilizer. • Set up two other test groups. Once receives a certain amount of
fertilizer and the other receives twice as much.
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