Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life€¦ · 1.1 All forms of life share common properties §Biology...
Transcript of Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life€¦ · 1.1 All forms of life share common properties §Biology...
© 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. Lecture by Edward J. Zalisko
PowerPoint Lectures forCampbell Biology: Concepts & Connections, Seventh EditionReece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey
Chapter 1 Biology: Exploring Life
Introduction
§ Lemurs are primates that
– are known for their distinctive tails, dark eye patches, and muzzles,
– live in Madagascar, and
– have ancestors who floated to Madagascar about 60 million years ago and diversified in a world
– relatively free of predators and competitors and
– with many different habitats.
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Figure 1.0_1Chapter 1: Big Ideas
Themes in the Studyof Biology
The Processof Science
Biology andEveryday Life
Evolution, the CoreTheme of Biology
Figure 1.0_2
THEMES IN THE STUDY OF BIOLOGY
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1.1 All forms of life share common properties
§ Biology is the scientific study of life.
§ Properties of life include
1. Order—the highly ordered structure that typifies life,
2. Reproduction—the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind,
3. Growth and development—consistent growth and development controlled by inherited DNA,
4. Energy processing—the use of chemical energy to power an organism’s activities and chemical reactions,
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1.1 All forms of life share common properties
5. Response to the environment—an ability to respond to environmental stimuli,
6. Regulation—an ability to control an organism’s internal environment within limits that sustain life, and
7. Evolutionary adaptation—adaptations evolve over many generations as individuals with traits best suited to their environments have greater reproductive success and pass their traits to offspring.
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Figure 1.1
(1) Order
(2) Reproduction
(3) Growth anddevelopment
(4) Energyprocessing
(7) Evolutionary adaptation
(6) Regulation
(5) Response to theenvironment
Figure 1.1_1
Order
Figure 1.1_2
Reproduction
Figure 1.1_3
Growth and development
Figure 1.1_4
Energy processing
Figure 1.1_5
Response to the environment
Figure 1.1_6
Regulation
Figure 1.1_7
Evolutionary adaptation
1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
§ Biological organization unfolds as follows:
– Biosphere—all of the environments on Earth that support life,
– Ecosystem—all the organisms living in a particular area and the physical components with which the organisms interact,
– Community—the entire array of organisms living in a particular ecosystem,
– Population—all the individuals of a species living in a specific area,
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1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
– Organism—an individual living thing,
– Organ system—several organs that cooperate in a specific function,
– Organ—a structure that is composed of tissues and that provides a specific function for the organism,
– Tissues—a group of similar cells that perform a specific function,
– Cells—the fundamental unit of life,
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1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
– Organelle—a membrane-bound structure that performs a specific function in a cell, and
– Molecule—a cluster of small chemical units called atoms held together by chemical bonds.
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Figure 1.2Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem:Forest in
Madagascar
Community:All organisms in
the forest
Population:Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism:Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system:Nervous system
Organ:Brain
Tissue:Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal cordBrain
Organelle:Nucleus
Cell:Nerve cell
Nucleus Atom
Molecule:DNA
Figure 1.2_1
Biosphere
Madagascar
Ecosystem:Forest in
Madagascar
Community:All organisms in
the forest
Population:Group of ring-tailed
lemurs
Organism:Ring-tailed lemur
Figure 1.2_2
Organism:Ring-tailed lemur
Organ system:Nervous system
Organ:Brain
Tissue:Nervous tissue
Nerve
Spinal cord
Brain
Organelle:Nucleus
Cell:Nerve cell
Nucleus
Atom
Molecule:DNA
Figure 1.2_3
Biosphere
Figure 1.2_4
Community:All organisms in the forest
Figure 1.2_5
Organisms:Ring-tailed lemur
Figure 1.2_6
Atom
Molecule: DNA
1.2 In life’s hierarchy of organization, new properties emerge at each level
§ Emergent properties are– new properties that arise in each step upward in the
hierarchy of life,
– from the arrangement and interactions among component parts.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
§ Cells are the level at which the properties of life emerge.
§ A cell can
– regulate its internal environment,
– take in and use energy,
– respond to its environment,
– develop and maintain its complex organization, and
– give rise to new cells.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
§ All cells
– are enclosed by a membrane that regulates the passage of materials between the cell and its surroundings and
– use DNA as their genetic information.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
§ There are two basic types of cells.
1. Prokaryotic cells– were the first to evolve,
– are simpler, and
– are usually smaller than eukaryotic cells.
2. Eukaryotic cells– contain membrane-enclosed organelles, including a nucleus
containing DNA, and
– are found in plants, animals, and fungi.
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Figure 1.3
Eukaryotic cell
Membrane
Prokaryoticcell
DNA(no nucleus)
Organelles
Nucleus(membrane-enclosed)
DNA (throughoutnucleus)
1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
§ Systems biology models the complex interactions of biological systems, ranging
– from the functioning of the biosphere
– to the complex molecular machinery of a cell.
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1.3 Cells are the structural and functional units of life
§ Cells illustrate another theme in biology: the correlation of structure and function.
§ Structure is related to function at all levels of biological organization.
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1.4 Living organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy
§ Living organisms interact with their environments, which include
– other organisms and
– physical factors.
§ In most ecosystems
– plants are the producers that provide the food,
– consumers eat plants and other animals, and
– decomposers act as recyclers, changing complex matter into simpler mineral nutrients.
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1.4 Living organisms interact with their environment, exchanging matter and energy
§ The dynamics of ecosystems include two major processes:
1. The recycling of chemical nutrients from the atmosphere and soil through producers, consumers, and decomposers back to the environment.
2. The one-way flow of energy through an ecosystem, entering as sunlight, converted to chemical energy by producers, passed on to consumers, and exiting as heat.
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Figure 1.4Ecosystem
Sunlight
CO2
Heat
Chemical energy(food)
Producers(such asplants)
Water and mineralstaken up by tree roots
Cycling ofchemical nutrients
Decomposers(in soil)
Consumers(such asanimals)
CO2
O2O2
Figure 1.4_1
Ecosystem
Sunlight
Producers(such asplants)
Consumers(such asanimals)
Heat
O2 O2
CO2
Chemical energy(food)
CO2
Water and mineralstaken up by tree roots
Cycling ofchemical nutrients
Decomposers(in soil)
Figure 1.4_2
EVOLUTION, THE CORE THEME OF BIOLOGY
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1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
§ All cells have DNA, the chemical substance of genes.
§ Genes– are the unit of inheritance that transmits information
from parents to offspring,
– are grouped into very long DNA molecules called chromosomes, and
– control the activities of a cell.
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1.5 The unity of life is based on DNA and a common genetic code
§ A species’ genes are coded in the sequences of the four building blocks making up DNA’s double helix.
– All forms of life use essentially the same code to translate the information stored in DNA into proteins.
– The diversity of life arises from differences in DNA sequences.
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Figure 1.5
A
T
T
C
C
G G C
TA
A T
GC
A
GC
GC
A T
1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
§ We can think of biology’s enormous scope as having two dimensions.
1. The “vertical” dimension is the size scale that stretches from molecules to the biosphere.
2. The “horizontal” dimension spans across the great diversity of organisms existing now and over the long history of life on Earth.
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1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
§ Diversity is the hallmark of life.
– Biologists have identified about 1.8 million species.
– Estimates of the actual number of species ranges from 10 to 100 million.
§ Taxonomy names species and classifies them into a system of broader groups.
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1.6 The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains
§ The diversity of life can be arranged into three domains.
1. Bacteria are the most diverse and widespread prokaryotes.
2. Archaea are prokaryotes that often live in Earth’s extreme environments.
3. Eukarya have eukaryotic cells and include– single-celled protists and
– multicellular fungi, animals, and plants.
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Figure 1.6
Domain Bacteria
Domain Archaea
Domain Eukarya
Bacteria
Archaea
Protists(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Animalia
Kingdom Plantae
Figure 1.6_1
Bacteria
Domain Bacteria
Figure 1.6_2
Archaea
Domain Archaea
Figure 1.6_3
Domain Eukarya
Protists(multiple kingdoms)
Kingdom Plantae
Kingdom AnimaliaKingdom Fungi
Figure 1.6_4
Protists(multiple kingdoms)
Figure 1.6_5
Kingdom Plantae
Figure 1.6_6
Kingdom Fungi
Figure 1.6_7
Kingdom Animalia
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
§ The history of life, as documented by fossils, is a saga of a changing Earth
– billions of years old and
– inhabited by an evolving cast of life forms.
§ Evolution accounts for life’s dual nature of
– kinship and
– diversity.
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Figure 1.7A
Figure 1.7B
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
§ In 1859, Charles Darwin published the book On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, which articulated two main points.
1. A large amount of evidence supports the idea of evolution, that species living today are descendants of ancestral species in what Darwin called “descent with modification.”
2. Natural selection is a mechanism for evolution.
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1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
§ Natural selection was inferred by connecting two observations.
1. Individuals in a population vary in their traits, many of which are passed on from parents to offspring.
2. A population can produce far more offspring than the environment can support.
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Figure 1.7C
Elimination of individuals with certain traits
Reproduction of survivors
Population with varied inherited traits1
3
2
1.7 Evolution explains the unity and diversity of life
§ From these observations, Darwin inferred that
– those individuals with heritable traits best suited to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce than less well-suited individuals,
– as a result of this unequal reproductive success over many generations, an increasing proportion of individuals will have the advantageous traits, and
– the result will be evolutionary adaptation, the accumulation of favorable traits in a population over time.
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Figure 1.7D
Ground pangolin
Killer whale
Figure 1.7D_1
Ground pangolin
Figure 1.7D_2
Killer whale
THE PROCESS OF SCIENCE
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1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature
§ The word science is derived from a Latin verb meaning “to know.” Science is a way of knowing.
§ Scientists
– use inductive reasoning to draw general conclusions from many observations and
– deductive reasoning to come up with ways to test a hypothesis, a proposed explanation for a set of observations.The logic flows from general premises to the specific results we should expect if the premises are true.
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1.8 Scientific inquiry is used to ask and answer questions about nature
§ How is a theory different from a hypothesis? A scientific theory is– much broader in scope than a hypothesis,
– usually general enough to generate many new, specific hypotheses, which can then be tested, and
– supported by a large and usually growing body of evidence.
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Figure 1.8
1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results
§ We solve everyday problems by using hypotheses.
– A common example would be the reasoning we use to answer the question, “Why doesn’t a flashlight work?”
– Using deductive reasoning we realize that the problem is either (1) the bulb or (2) the batteries.
– Further, a hypothesis must be
– testable and
– falsifiable.
– In this example, two hypotheses are tested.
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Figure 1.9A_s1
Observation
Question
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Figure 1.9A_s2
Observation
Question
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Prediction: Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem.
Replacing bulbwill fix problem.
Experiment: Experiment:Test prediction byreplacing batteries.
Test prediction byreplacing bulb.
Figure 1.9A_s3
Test falsifieshypothesis. Revisehypothesis orpose new one.
Observation
Question
Hypothesis #1:Dead batteries
Hypothesis #2:Burned-out bulb
Prediction: Prediction:Replacing batterieswill fix problem.
Replacing bulbwill fix problem.
Experiment: Experiment:Test prediction byreplacing batteries.
Test prediction byreplacing bulb.
Test does notfalsify hypothesis.Make additionalpredictions andtest them.
1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results
§ An actual research project demonstrates the process of science.
§ Scientists began with a set of observations and generalizations that
– poisonous animals are brightly colored and
– imposters resemble poisonous species but are actually harmless.
§ They then tested the hypothesis that mimics benefit because predators confuse them with the harmful species.
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1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results
§ The scientists conducted a controlled experiment, comparing
– an experimental group consisting of artificial king snakes and
– a control group consisting of artificial brown snakes.
– The groups differed only by one factor, the coloration of the artificial snakes.
– The data fit the key prediction of the mimicry hypothesis.
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Figure 1.9B
Figure 1.9C
Figure 1.9D
Figure 1.9D_1
Figure 1.9D_2
Figure 1.9E
Coral snakespresent
Artificialking snakes
Artificialbrown snakes
84%
0
20
40
60
80
100
Coral snakesabsent
17% 16%
Perc
ent o
f tot
al a
ttack
son
art
ifici
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nake
s
83%
1.9 Scientists form and test hypotheses and share their results
§ Science is a social activity with most scientists working in teams.
§ Scientists share information in many ways.
§ Science seeks natural causes for natural phenomena.
– The scope of science is limited to the study of structures and processes that we can directly observe and measure.
– Hypotheses about supernatural forces or explanations are outside the bounds of science, because they generate hypotheses that cannot be tested by science.
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BIOLOGY AND EVERYDAY LIFE
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1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways
§ Many issues facing society are related to biology. Most involve our expanding technology.
§ The basic goals of science and technology differ.
– The goal of science is to understand natural phenomena.
– The goal of technology is to apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose.
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1.10 CONNECTION: Biology, technology, and society are connected in important ways
§ Although their goals differ, science and technology are interdependent.– Technological advances stem from scientific research.
– Research benefits from new technologies.
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Figure 1.10
1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives
§ Evolution is a core theme of biology.
§ Evolutionary theory is useful in– medicine,
– agriculture,
– forensics, and
– conservation.
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1.11 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Evolution is connected to our everyday lives
§ Human-caused environmental changes are powerful selective forces that affect the evolution of many species, including– antibiotic-resistant bacteria,
– pesticide-resistant pests,
– endangered species, and
– increasing rates of extinction.
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You should now be able to
1. Describe seven properties common to all life.
2. Describe the levels of biological organization from molecules to the biosphere, noting the interrelationships between levels.
3. Define the concept of emergent properties and describe an example of it.
4. Explain why cells are a special level in biological organization. Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
5. Compare the dynamics of nutrients and energy in an ecosystem.
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You should now be able to
6. Explain how DNA encodes a cell’s information.
7. Compare the three domains of life.
8. Describe the process and products of natural selection. Explain why individuals cannot evolve.
9. Distinguish between quantitative and qualitative data.
10. Compare the definitions and use of inductive and deductive reasoning in scientific investigations.
11. Distinguish between a scientific theory and a hypothesis.
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You should now be able to
12. Distinguish between the scientific definition and common use of the word theory.
13. Describe the structure of a controlled experiment and give an example.
14. Compare the goals of science and technology. Explain why an understanding of science is essential to our lives.
15. Explain how evolution impacts the lives of all humans.
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Figure 1.UN01
Sunlight
Water and mineralstaken up by tree roots
Chemical energy(food)
Cycling ofchemical nutrients
Decomposers(in soil)
Heat
O2
O2
CO2 CO2
Producers(such asplants)
Consumers(such asanimals)
Figure 1.UN02
Figure 1.UN03
Observations Inferences
Natural selection:Unequal reproductive
success leads toevolution of adaptations
in populations.
Heritablevariations
Overproductionof offspring
Figure 1.UN04
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diversity of life
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(e) cells as basicunits of life
common propertiesof living organisms
Figure 1.UN05
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