Fig. 4-11. Posterior clinoid process2. Sella turcica (pituitary fossa)3. Anterior clinoid process4. Floor of anterior cranial fossa in the midline5. Orbital plates of frontal bone

(Roof of orbit and floor of anterior cranial fossalateral to midline)

6. Ethmoid sinus7. Frontal sinus8. Orbit9. Nasal bones10. Lateral border of orbit (formed by frontal process of

zygoma and zygomatic process of frontal bone)11. Greater wing of sphenoid bone forming anterior

wall of middle cranial fossa12. Zygomatic process of maxilla (U-shaped)13. Hard palate forming floor of nasal fossa14. Lingual cortical plate of anterior portion of

mandible15. Buccal cortical plate of anterior portion of mandible16. Mentum17. Floor of maxillary sinus18 Zygoma (arrow points at lower border of zygoma)19. Pterygomaxillary fissure20. Sphenoid sinus21. Petrous portion of temporal bone22. Mastoid process of temporal bone23. Mastoid air cells24. Floor of posterior cranial fossa25. Lambdoid suture26. Markings of middle meningeal vessels27. Diploe28. Inner table of bone29. Outer table of bone30. Posterior border of ear plug holder of cephalostat

Lateral Skull Radiograph

Fig. 4-21. Posterior clinoid process2. Sella turcica (pituitary fossa)3. Anterior clinoid process4. Floor of anterior cranial fossa in the midline 5. Sphenoid sinus6. Orbital plates of frontal bone

(Roof of orbit and floor of anterior cranial fossalateral to midline)

7. Frontal sinus8. Lateral border of orbit (formed by frontal process of

zygoma, and zygomatic process of frontal bone)9. Greater wing of the sphenoid bone forming the

anterior wall of the middle cranial fossa10. Pterygomaxillary fissure11. Hard palate forming floor of nasal fossa12. Roof of palate (midline)13. Buccal cortical plate of anterior portion of mandible14. Lingual cortical plate of anterior portion of

mandible15. Floor of maxillary sinus16. Zygoma (arrow points at lower border of zygoma)17. Sigmoid notch (mandibular notch)18. Lateral pterygoid plate19. Petrous portion of temporal bone20. Mastoid process of temporal bone21. Mastoid air cells23. Lambdoid suture24. Outer table of bone25. Diploe26. Inner table of bone

Lateral Skull Radiograph

Fig. 4-3S - Maxillary sinusN - Naso - pharynxO - Oro - pharynx (the anterior border is the

pharyngeal surface of the base of tongue)

T - Trachea - oesophageal space1 - Sphenoid sinus2 - Floor of anterior cranial fossa in the

midline 3 - Orbital plates of frontal bone

(Roof of orbit and floor of anterior cranial fossa lateral to midline)

4 - Frontal sinus5 - Ethmoid sinus6 - Orbit7 - Zygomatic processes of maxilla (one is

of the side closer to the film and the other is of the side farther from the film)

8 - Anterior nasal spine9 - Lingual cortical plate of anterior portion

of mandible10 - Lower border of mandible of side closer

to the film11 - Lower border of mandible of side farther

from the film12 - Axis (second cervical vertebra)13 - Atlas (first cervical vertebra)14 - Mastoid air cells15 - Petrous portion of the temporal bone

Lateral Skull Radiograph

Fig. 4-41. Squamoparietal suture2. Markings of the middle meningeal

vessels3. Coronal suture4. Supraorbital margin5. Nasal bones6. Anterior nasal spine7. Zygomatic process of maxilla

(U-shaped) of side farther from the film

8. Zygomatic process of maxilla (U-shaped) of side closer to the film

9. Lower border of zygoma10.Lateral pterygoid plate11.Mastoid process of temporal bone12.Posterior border of foramen

magnum13.Floor of posterior cranial fossa14.Lambdoid suture15.Lambda16.Posterior border of ear plug holder

of cephalostat

Lateral Skull Radiograph

Fig. 4-51. Sagittal suture2. Coronal suture3. Frontal sinus4. Superior border of orbit5. Crista galli6. Sphenoid sinus7. Petrous portion of temporal

bone8. Maxillary sinus9. Floor of posterior cranial fossa10.Lesser wing of sphenoid11.Superior orbital fissure12.Greater wing of sphenoid13.Nasal cavity14.Mastoid process and mastoid

air cells15.Floor of nasal fossa (hard

palate)16.External oblique ridge

Postero-Anterior Skull Radiograph

Fig. 4-61. Frontal sinus2. Coronal suture3. Zygomatic process of frontal

bone (joins to frontal process of zygomatic bone)

4. Lesser wing of sphenoid5. Squamozygomatic surface of

greater wing of sphenoid (innominate line)

6. Greater wing of sphenoid7. Infraorbital foramen8. Mastoid process and mastoid

air cells9. Zygomatic process of maxilla10.Bregma11.Ethmoid sinus (ethmoid air

cells)12.Superior orbital fissure13.Lacrimal canal (nasolacrimal

canal)14.Maxillary sinus15.Floor of nasal fossa (hard

palate)16.Gonion

Postero-Anterior Skull Radiograph

Fig. 4-71. Lambda2. Lambdoid suture3. Superior border of orbit4. Lesser wing of sphenoid5. Squamozygomatic surface

of greater wing of sphenoid (innominate line)

6. Zygomatic process of maxilla

7. Floor of posterior cranial fossa

8. Sagittal suture9. Frontal sinus10.Crista galli11.Superior orbital fissure12.Greater wing of sphenoid13.Sphenoid sinus14.Petrous portion of temporal

bone15.Nasal cavity16.Anterior border of ramus17.Posterior border of ramus

Postero-Anterior Radiograph

Fig. 4-81. Lesser wing of sphenoid2. Squamozygomatic surface of

greater wing of sphenoid3. Petrous portion of temporal

bone4. Zygomatic process of maxilla5. Atlas - axis articulation6. Frontal crest7. Zygomatic process of frontal

bone (joins to frontal process of zygomatic bone)

8. Maxillary sinus9. Floor of posterior cranial fossa10. Transverse process of

atlas11. Transverse process of

axis12. Nasal septum

(composed of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone and the vomerbone)

Postero-Anterior Radiograph

Fig. 4-9 (Mandible has been removed for better visualization of the base of the skull)

1. Outer cortical plate of frontal bone2. Inner cortical plate of frontal bone3. Body of zygoma4. Lateral wall of orbit (greater wing of sphenoid)5. Infratemporal surface of greater wing of

sphenoid6. Anterior wall of middle cranial fossa formed by

the greater wing of sphenoid7. Lateral pterygoid plate8. Medial pterygoid plate9. Clivus10. Eustachian canal (internal auditory canal)11. External auditory canal12. Petrous portion of temporal bone13. Maxillary sinus (superimposed on orbit)14. Nasal septum (perpendicular plate of ethmoid)15. Inferior orbital fissure16. Ethmoid air cells opening into nasal fossa17. Zygomatic arch18. Posterior border of vomer (part of nasal septum)19. Sphenoid sinus20. Foramen spinosum21. Foramen lacerum22. Occipital condyle23. Foramen magnum24. Inner cortical plate of occipital bone25. Outer cortical plate of occipital bone

Submento-Vertex Radiograph

Fig. 4-101. Superior (alveolar) border of

mandible2. Maxillary sinus3. Lateral wall of maxillary

sinus4. Lateral wall of orbit (greater

wing of sphenoid)5. Sphenoid sinus6. Mandibular condyle7. Eustachian canal (internal

auditory canal)8. Mastoid air cells9. Inferior border of mandible10 Inferior orbital fissure11.Middle cranial fossa12.Coronoid process13.Clivus14.Anterior arch of first cervical

vertebra15.External auditory canal16.Odontoid process (dens) of

axis

Submento-Vertex Radiograph

Fig. 4-111. Frontal sinus2. Supraorbital notch3. Ethmoid sinus4. Anterior margin of orbital floor5. Maxillary sinus6. Body of zygoma7. Coronoid process8. Mastoid air cells9. Squamozygomatic surface of

greater wing of sphenoid (innominate line)

10. Frontal process of zygoma(joins the zygomatic process of frontal bone)

11. Lesser wing of sphenoid (the radiolucent line is the superior orbital fissure)

12. Zygomatic arch13. Sphenoid sinus14. Condyle15. Ramus of mandible16. Inferior border of body of

mandible 17. Inferior aspect of base of skull

Waters View (Postero-Anterior Maxillary Sinus Radiograph)

Fig. 4-121. Frontal sinus2. Infraorbital foramen and

canal3. Maxillary sinus4. Zygomatic arch5. Floor of middle cranial fossa6. Inferior border of body of

mandible7. Inferior aspect of base of

skull8. Squamozygomatic surface of

greater wing of sphenoid9. Frontal process of zygoma10. Nasal fossa and conchae

(turbinates)11. Body of zygoma12. Lateral wall of maxillary

sinus13. Ramus of mandible14. Odontoid process of axis

Waters View (Postero-Anterior Maxillary Sinus Radiograph)

Fig. 4-13Closed mouth position (transcranialprojection)

1. Glenoid fossa (articular fossa)2. Mastoid air cells3. Lateral pole of condyle4. External auditory meatus5. Medial pole of condyle6. Zygomatic process of temporal bone7. Articular tubercle (articular

eminence)8. Sigmoid notch (mandibular notch)The space between the lateral pole of

the condyle and the glenoid fossa is the joint space which contains the articular disc. The articular disc is not visible on a radiograph because it is radiolucent.

Transcranial Radiograph of Temporomandibular Joint

Fig. 4-14Open mouth position (transcranial projection)

1. Glenoid fossa (articularfossa)

2. Mastoid air cells3. External auditory meatus4. Mastoid process5. Medial pole of condyle6. Posterior border of ramus of

mandible7. Zygomatic process of

temporal bone8. Articular tubercle (articular

eminence)9. Lateral pole of condyle10.Sigmoid notch (mandibular

notch)

Transcranial RadiographOf Temporomandibular Joint

Fig. 4-15OsteoarthritisTranscranialradiograph showing (a) osteophyte(lipping) indicated by arrow; (b) flattened condyle; (c) reduced joint space; (d) flattened posterior slope of the articulareminence; (e) shallowed articularfossa.

Transcranial Radiograph of TMJ

Fig. 4-16Advanced stage of rheumatoid arthritis. Transcranialradiograph showing a "sharpened pencil" deformity due to extensive erosion of the condyle.

Transcranial Radiograph of TMJ

Figure 4-17Maxillary occlusalradiograph

1. Nasolacrimal canal (orbital entrance) superimposed on posterior surface of hard palate

2. Maxillary sinus3. Nasal fossa4. Nasal septum5. Superciliary arch

(forehead)6. Zygomatic process

of maxilla7. Incisive foramen

Maxillary Occlusal Radiograph

Figure 4-18Maxillary occlusalradiograph

1.Nasolacrimal canal2.Medial wall of

maxillary sinus3.Lateral wall of

nasal fossa4.Nasal fossa

Maxillary Occlusal Radiograph

Figure 4-19Mandibular occlusalradiograph

1.Mental ridges2. Internal oblique

ridge (mylohyoidridge)

3. Inferior border of mandible (cortical bone)

4.Genial tubercles

Mandibular Occlusal Radiograph

Figure 4-20Mandibular occlusalradiograph

1.Cone cut (technique error)

2.Genial tubercles3.Tongue

Figure 4-21Mandibularocclusalradiograph

1.Soft tissue of chin2.Mandibular tori3.Tongue

Mandibular Occlusal Radiograph

Figure 4-22Modified mandibularocclusal radiograph (bisecting angletechnique)

1.Lingual foramen surrounded by genial tubercles

2. Internal oblique ridges (mylohyoidridges)

3. Inferior border of mandible (cortical bone)

Modified Mandibular Occlusal Radiograph(bisecting angle technique)