Chapt12 Porifera Final

5/19/2018 Chapt12 Porifera Final

1/17

Phylum: PoriferaPhylum: Porifera

The SpongesThe Sponges


2/17

12.1. Advent of12.1. Advent of

MulticellularityMulticellularityA. AdvantagesA. Advantages

1. Natures experiments with1. Natures experiments with

larger organisms without cellularlarger organisms without cellular

diferentiation are limited.diferentiation are limited.

2. Increasing the size o a cell2. Increasing the size o a cell

causes problems o exchangecauses problems o exchange

multicellularit! a"oids surace#multicellularit! a"oids surace#

to#mass problemsto#mass problems..

$. %ell assemblages in sponges$. %ell assemblages in spongesare distinct rom otherare distinct rom other

metazoans but molecularmetazoans but molecular

e"idence shows commone"idence shows common

ancestr!.ancestr!.


3/17

B. Positions in the AnimalB. Positions in the AnimalKingdomKingdom

1. &ulticellular organisms are di"ided1. &ulticellular organisms are di"idedinto three grades'into three grades'

a. &esozoa (one ph!lum)*a. &esozoa (one ph!lum)*

b. +arazoa (ph!lum +oriera* ph!lumb. +arazoa (ph!lum +oriera* ph!lum+lacozoa) and+lacozoa) and

c. ,umetazoa (all other animal ph!la).c. ,umetazoa (all other animal ph!la).

2. &esozoa and +arazoa are multicellular2. &esozoa and +arazoa are multicellularbutbut lac- the germ la!ers olac- the germ la!ers o,umetazoa,umetazoa..

a. The! ha"e a cellular le"el oa. The! ha"e a cellular le"el oorganization.organization.

b. &esozoans are entirel! parasitic butb. &esozoans are entirel! parasitic butha"e a complex reproducti"e c!cle.ha"e a complex reproducti"e c!cle.

c. +lacozoans are composed o two la!ersc. +lacozoans are composed o two la!erso epithelia with uid and /brous cellso epithelia with uid and /brous cellsbetween them.between them.

d. Sponges are more complex andd. Sponges are more complex andorganized into incipient tissues with loworganized into incipient tissues with low

integration.integration.


4/17

12.5. Phylum Porifera12.5. Phylum Porifera

A.A. General FeaturesGeneral Features

1. +oriera means 0pore#bearing0 their sac#li-e1. +oriera means 0pore#bearing0 their sac#li-ebodies are perorated b! man! pores.bodies are perorated b! man! pores.

2. The! are2. The! are sessilesessileand depend on water currentsand depend on water currentsto bring in ood and ox!gen and carr! awa!to bring in ood and ox!gen and carr! awa!wastes.wastes.

$. Their bod! is a mass o cells embedded in$. Their bod! is a mass o cells embedded ingelatinous matrix and stifened b! spicules ogelatinous matrix and stifened b! spicules ocalcium carbonate or silica and collagen.calcium carbonate or silica and collagen.

. The! ha"e. The! ha"e no organs or tissuesno organs or tissues cells are cells aresomewhat independent.somewhat independent.

. 3eing sessile* the! ha"e no ner"ous or sense. 3eing sessile* the! ha"e no ner"ous or senseorgans and ha"e simplest o contractileorgans and ha"e simplest o contractileelements.elements.

4. The! are aside rom the mainstream o animal4. The! are aside rom the mainstream o animal

e"olution thus the! are oten called +arazoa.e"olution thus the! are oten called +arazoa.5. &ost o the 666 species are marine about 165. &ost o the 666 species are marine about 16

are reshwater.are reshwater.

7. &orpholog! changes with substratum* calmness7. &orpholog! changes with substratum* calmnesso water* etc.o water* etc.

8. Sponges are ancient ossils extend to %ambrian8. Sponges are ancient ossils extend to %ambrian

or earlier.or earlier.


5/17

B. Form and FunctionB. Form and Function

1. 3od! openings consist1. 3od! openings consist

o small incurrent poreso small incurrent poresoror ostiaostia and a ewand a ew

excurrentexcurrent osculaoscula..2. 9penings are2. 9penings are

connected b! a s!stemconnected b! a s!stem

o canals water passeso canals water passesrom ostia to osculum.rom ostia to osculum.

$.$. ChoanocytesChoanocytes oror

agellated collar cellsagellated collar cellsline some o the canals.line some o the canals.

a. The! -eep thea. The! -eep the

current owing b!current owing b!

beating o agella.beating o agella.

b. The! trap andb. The! trap and

hagocyti!ehagocyti!eoodood

particles passing b!.particles passing b!.

. The ramewor- o the. The ramewor- o the

sponge is composed osponge is composed oneedle#li-e calcareous orneedle#li-e calcareous orsiliceous spicules orsiliceous spicules or

organic spongin /bers.organic spongin /bers.


6/17

..There are threeThere are threetypes of canaltypes of canalsystems.systems.

a.a. AsconoidsAsconoids''

:lagellated:lagellatedSpongocoelsSpongocoels

1) ;sconoids are1) ;sconoids aresimplest the!simplest the!are small andare small andtube#shaped.tube#shaped.

2)


7/17

b.b. "yconoids"yconoids' :lagellated %anals' :lagellated %anals

1) The! resemble asconoids but are1) The! resemble asconoids but are

bigger with a thic-er bod! wall.bigger with a thic-er bod! wall.

2) The wall contains choanoc!te#2) The wall contains choanoc!te#

lined radial canals that empt! intolined radial canals that empt! into

the spongocoel. (:ig.12#5)the spongocoel. (:ig.12#5)

$)


8/17

c.c. #euconoids#euconoids' :lagellated' :lagellated%hambers%hambers

1) These are most1) These are mostcomplex and are largercomplex and are largerwith man! oscula. (:ig. 12#with man! oscula. (:ig. 12#

7)7)2) %lusters o agellated2) %lusters o agellatedchambers are /lled romchambers are /lled romincurrent canals* dischargeincurrent canals* dischargeto excurrent canals.to excurrent canals.

$) &ost sponges are$) &ost sponges areleuconoid it is seen inleuconoid it is seen in

most %alcarea and in allmost %alcarea and in allother classes.other classes.

) The leuconoid s!stem) The leuconoid s!stemhas e"ol"ed independentl!has e"ol"ed independentl!man! times in sponges.man! times in sponges.

)) $his system$his systemincreases %agellatedincreases %agellated

surfaces comared tosurfaces comared tovolume& more collarvolume& more collarcells can meet foodcells can meet fooddemands. 'ts all a(outdemands. 'ts all a(outsurface)to)volumesurface)to)volumeratios and energyratios and energye*traction+++e*traction+++


9/17

4. T!pes o %ells4. T!pes o %ells

a. Sponge cells area. Sponge cells are

arranged in aarranged in agelatinous matrixgelatinous matrix

calledcalled mesohylmesohyl..

b.b. PinacocytesPinacocytes

1) These cells orm1) These cells orm

the pinacodermthe pinacoderm

the! are atthe! are at

epithelial#li-e cells.epithelial#li-e cells.

2) +inacoc!tes are2) +inacoc!tes are

somewhatsomewhat

contractile.contractile.

$) Some are$) Some arem!oc!tes that helpm!oc!tes that help

regulate ow oregulate ow o

water.water.


10/17

c.c. ChoanocytesChoanocytes

1) These are o"al cells1) These are o"al cellswith one endwith one endembedded in mesoh!l.embedded in mesoh!l.

2) The exposed end2) The exposed end

has a agellumhas a agellumsurrounded b! a collar.surrounded b! a collar.

$) ; collar is made o$) ; collar is made oad>acent micro"illiad>acent micro"illiorming a /ne /lteringorming a /ne /lteringde"ice to strain ood.de"ice to strain ood.(:ig. 12#16)(:ig. 12#16)

) +articles too large) +articles too large

to enter the collarto enter the collar

are trapped inare trapped in

mucous and mo"edmucous and mo"ed

to the choanoc!teto the choanoc!te

where the! arewhere the! are

phagoc!tized.phagoc!tized.

) :ood enguled b!) :ood enguled b!choanoc!tes ischoanoc!tes is

passed topassed to

neighboringneighboring

archaeoc!tes orarchaeoc!tes or

digestion.digestion.


11/17

$) ; collar is made o$) ; collar is made oad>acent micro"illi ormingad>acent micro"illi orminga /ne /ltering de"ice toa /ne /ltering de"ice tostrain ood. (:ig. 12#16)strain ood. (:ig. 12#16)

) +articles too large to) +articles too large to

enter the collar areenter the collar are

trapped in mucous andtrapped in mucous and

mo"ed to the choanoc!temo"ed to the choanoc!te

where the! arewhere the! are

phagoc!tized.phagoc!tized.

) :ood enguled b!) :ood enguled b!

choanoc!tes is passed tochoanoc!tes is passed to

neighboring archaeoc!tesneighboring archaeoc!tes

or digestion.or digestion.


12/17

d.d. ArchaeocytesArchaeocytes

1) These cells mo"e1) These cells mo"e

about in the mesoh!l.about in the mesoh!l.

2) The! phagoc!tize2) The! phagoc!tizeparticles in theparticles in thepinacoderm.pinacoderm.

$) The! can$) The! candiferentiate into an!diferentiate into an!

other t!pe o cell.other t!pe o cell.) Those called) Those calledscleroc!tes secretescleroc!tes secretespicules.spicules.

) Spongoc!tes secrete) Spongoc!tes secretespongin.spongin.

4) %ollenc!tes secrete4) %ollenc!tes secrete/brillar collagen./brillar collagen.

5) ?ophoc!tes secrete5) ?ophoc!tes secretelots o collagen butlots o collagen butma! loo- li-ema! loo- li-ecollenc!tes.collenc!tes.


13/17

e.e. $yes of ",eletons$yes of ",eletons

1) %ollagen /brils are1) %ollagen /brils areound throughoutound throughout

intercellular matrix ointercellular matrix osponges.sponges.

2) @arious2) @ariousAemospongiaeAemospongiaesecrete a orm osecrete a orm ocollagen calledcollagen calledsonginsongin..

$) Aemospongiae also$) Aemospongiae alsosecrete siliceoussecrete siliceousspicules.spicules.

) %alcareous) %alcareoussponges secretesponges secretespicules o cr!stallinespicules o cr!stallinecalcium carbonate.calcium carbonate.

) Blass sponges) Blass spongesha"e siliceousha"e siliceousspicules with six ra!s.spicules with six ra!s.

4) Spicule patterns4) Spicule patternsare importantare importanttaxonomic eatures.taxonomic eatures.


14/17

-. "onge Physiology-. "onge Physiology

a. :iltration Catesa. :iltration Cates

1)1) LeuconiaLeuconia* a small* a smallsponge* has 71*666sponge* has 71*666incurrent canals.incurrent canals.

2) It would ha"e more than2) It would ha"e more thantwo milliontwo millionagellatedagellatedchambers.chambers.

$) ,xpulsion o water$) ,xpulsion o watercarries wastes somecarries wastes somedistance awa!.distance awa!.

) Some large sponges can) Some large sponges can/lter 166 liters o water a/lter 166 liters o water ada!.da!.

b. +articles are /lteredb. +articles are /lterednonselecti"el!nonselecti"el!choanoc!tes phagoc!tizechoanoc!tes phagoc!tize76D.76D.

c. Aigestion is completel!c. Aigestion is completel!intracellular* primaril! b!intracellular* primaril! b!archaeoc!tes.archaeoc!tes.

d. There are no excretor! ord. There are no excretor! orrespirator! organsrespirator! organsdifusion suEces.difusion suEces.

e. The onl! mo"ements aree. The onl! mo"ements are"er! slow opening and"er! slow opening and

closing o pores ner"eclosing o pores ner"ecells ha"e not beencells ha"e not been

d iC d i


15/17

C. eroductionC. eroduction

1. ;sexual Ceproduction1. ;sexual Ceproduction

a. ,xternal buds are small indi"iduals thata. ,xternal buds are small indi"iduals thatbrea- of ater attaining a certain size.brea- of ater attaining a certain size.

b. Internal buds or gemmules are ormed b!b. Internal buds or gemmules are ormed b!

archaeoc!tes that collect in mesoh!l and arearchaeoc!tes that collect in mesoh!l and arecoated with tough spongin and spicules the!coated with tough spongin and spicules the!sur"i"e drought* reezing* etc.sur"i"e drought* reezing* etc.

2. Sexual Ceproduction2. Sexual Ceproduction

a. &ost area. &ost are monoeciousmonoeciouswith both male andwith both male andemale sex cells in one indi"idual.emale sex cells in one indi"idual.

b. Sperm arise rom transormedb. Sperm arise rom transormedchoanoc!tes.choanoc!tes.

c. In some Aemospongiae and %alcarea*c. In some Aemospongiae and %alcarea*ooc!tes de"elop romooc!tes de"elop rom choanocyteschoanocytes others othersderi"e them romderi"e them rom archaeocytesarchaeocytes..

d. Sponges pro"ide nourishment to thed. Sponges pro"ide nourishment to the

z!gote until it is released as a ciliated lar"a.z!gote until it is released as a ciliated lar"a.e. In some* when one sponge releases sperm*e. In some* when one sponge releases sperm*the! enter the pores o another.the! enter the pores o another.

. %hoanoc!tes phagoc!tize the sperm and. %hoanoc!tes phagoc!tize the sperm andtranser them to carrier cells that carr!transer them to carrier cells that carr!sperm through mesoh!l to ooc!tes.sperm through mesoh!l to ooc!tes.

g. Some release both sperm and ooc!tes intog. Some release both sperm and ooc!tes intowater.water.


16/17

$. Cegeneration and$. Cegeneration and Somatic ,mbr!onogenesisSomatic ,mbr!onogenesis

a. Sponges cana. Sponges can regenerateregenerate wounded portions.wounded portions.

b. Sponge ragments aggregate into new structures*b. Sponge ragments aggregate into new structures*

this isthis is somatic em(ryogenesissomatic em(ryogenesis..


17/17

/. Class Calcarea 0Calcisongiae/. Class Calcarea 0Calcisongiae

1. These are calcareous sponges with1. These are calcareous sponges withspicules o calcium carbonate.spicules o calcium carbonate.

2. The spicules are straight or ha"e2. The spicules are straight or ha"e

three or our ra!s.three or our ra!s.$. &ost are small sponges with tubular$. &ost are small sponges with tubularor "ase shapes.or "ase shapes.

. ;sconoid* s!conoid and leuconoid. ;sconoid* s!conoid and leuconoidorms all occur.orms all occur.

. Class 3e*actinellida. Class 3e*actinellida

03yalosongiae03yalosongiae1. These are glass sponges with six#1. These are glass sponges with six#ra!ed spicules o silica.ra!ed spicules o silica.

2. Nearl! all are deep#sea orms most2. Nearl! all are deep#sea orms mostare radiall! s!mmetrical.are radiall! s!mmetrical.

F. Class /emosongiaeF. Class /emosongiae1. This class contains 8D o li"ing1. This class contains 8D o li"ingsponge species.sponge species.

2. Spicules are siliceous but not six2. Spicules are siliceous but not sixra!ed the! ma! be absent or boundra!ed the! ma! be absent or boundtogether b! spongin.together b! spongin.

$. ;ll are leuconoid and all are marine$. ;ll are leuconoid and all are marineexcept or Spongillidae* the reshwaterexcept or Spongillidae* the reshwater

Chapt12 Porifera Final

Documents

Transcript of Chapt12 Porifera Final