Challenges & Strategies for Lunar Habitation Systems Larry Toups Advanced Projects Office...
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Transcript of Challenges & Strategies for Lunar Habitation Systems Larry Toups Advanced Projects Office...
Challenges & Strategies for LunarHabitation Systems
Larry ToupsAdvanced Projects Office Constellation ProgramOctober 2006
2October 2006
Background
The only planetary surface habitat NASA has ever developed is the 2-person, 3-day duration Lunar Module from the 1960’s-era Apollo Program.
Today’s National Vision for Space Exploration will require safety, performance and operational requirements beyond that of the Lunar Module
Evaluating and comparing a variety of habitat configurations will provide NASA with a cost-effective basis for trades to support lunar and (eventually) Martian habitat design selection.
1960’s
2006 +
3October 2006
Background
Mission Duration (days)
0.1
1
10
100
1000
1 10 100 1000
Mercury
Voskhod
ApolloLEM
VostokGemini
STSApollo
CM Soyuz
Skylab ISS
Salyut 7
Mir
TotalPressurized
Volume(m3)/crew
Historical Space Habitat Pressurized Volume
Planetary habitats will have to address usable floor area as
well as volume
4October 2006
Habitation System
Habitats
Airlocks
Greenhouses
Resupply/Logistics
Pressurized Rover
Types of Structure
Preintegrated (modules)
Prefabricated (inflatables)
ISRU Derived
5October 2006
Habitation Strategic Challenges
Margins and Redundancy Determine crew volume and floor space requirements and acceptable margins; determine habitat system redundancy requirements for crew needs.
Reusability Use of a single habitat by multiple crews over multiple missions.
Modularity Include design solutions that result in connectable modular habitat elements for ease of expansion.
Autonomy Investigate schemes for automated deployment of habitat elements for pre-determination of system health and minimizing crew time required for habitat set-up operations.
Human Presence in Deep Space Investigate habitability systems with respect to current safety requirements, such as radiation shielding, critical systems redundancy, crew medical requirements, etc.
Reconfigurability Investigate use of movable walls, reconfigurable utility delivery schemes, and repositionable equipment and furniture.
Affordable Logistics Pre-Positioning Determine habitat-related logistics needs and logistics storage needs for single and multiple missions.
Access to Surface Targets Investigate short-distance and long-distance habitat surface mobility systems.
6October 2006
Types of Habitats
Support 42-180 day stays with reuse and dormancy
Safe-haven radiation protection for extended durations
Closure of Life Support
More required functions and greater duration drive requirements for greater volume
Ex: Volume for “preliminary examination” of samples
Ex: Dedicated IVA volume(s) for cleaning, maintenance, and repair of systems, EVA suits, and possibly rover or components
EVA suit donning, doffing, and storage
Increased medical care for immediate life saving measures and life science using dual purpose medical equipment
More robust dust mitigation including EVA “mudrooms”, greater habitat housekeeping, and maintenance
Interfaces with surface elements, such as ISRU, deployed power and thermal, and cargo resupply
Support 7-10 day stays
Open loop Life Support
Requires maintenance of consumables, such as disinfected water, and safe storage of wastes
Highly constrained living and working volumes
Drives to shared spaces and minimal habitability functions
Ex: Rehydration and warming for food
Minimal medical care and resistive exercise
No planned maintenance, only emergency spares replacement
No other surface elements to physically interface with
Sortie Outpost
7October 2006
Habitat Functional Elements
Structure and Radiation Protection
Power Management and Distribution
Life Support Thermal Control Lunar Surface
Science and Technology Demonstrations
Communications
Crew Accommodations Sleep Accommodations Operations Center Crew Personal Equipment Food Storage, Prep, and
Consumption Personal Hygiene Space Medicine and Health
Care System Adaptation and
Countermeasures Airlock and Alternate Egress
System Stowage, Inventory, and
Trash Management Supportability General and Task
Illumination
8October 2006
Habitat Interfaces and Functions
Interfaces with nearly every other surface system Power and External Thermal Navigation and Communications ISRU EVA Surface Mobility Logistics/Resupply Landers (Structure)
9October 2006
Key Technology Needs: Lunar Exploration
Structure and Radiation Protection
Power Management and Distribution
Life Support
Thermal Control
Lunar Surface Science and Technology Demonstrations
Communications
• Structures• Lightweight cryotanks• Inflatable space structures
• Protection• Ablative, human-rated TPS• Lightweight radiation protection• Dust and contaminant mitigation
• Propulsion• LOX/Methane propulsion system for CEV• 5 - 20 klbf thrust deep throttleable engine for LSAM• Non-toxic RCS thrusters• Expendable SSMEs
• Power• Fuel cells• Lithium-ion batteries• Non-toxic Auxiliary Power Unit for CLV
• Thermal Control• Heat rejection for surface systems
• Avionics & Software• Rad hard & low temperature electronics• Integrated System Health Management• Spacecraft autonomy• Automated Rendezvous & Docking• Autonomous precision landing• Reliable software
• Environmental Control & Life Support• Atmospheric management• Environmental monitoring & control• Advanced air & water recovery systems
• Crew Support & Accommodations• EVA suit• Crew health care systems• Habitability systems
• Mechanisms• Low temperature mechanisms
• In-Situ Resource Utilization• Regolith excavation & material handling• Oxygen production from regolith• Polar volatile collection & separation
• Analysis & Integration• Tool development for architecture & mission analysis• Technology investment portfolio assessments
• Operations• Supportability• Human-system interaction• Surface handling & operations equipment• Surface mobility
• Structures• Lightweight cryotanks• Inflatable space structures
• Protection• Ablative, human-rated TPS• Lightweight radiation protection• Dust and contaminant mitigation
• Propulsion• LOX/Methane propulsion system for CEV• 5 - 20 klbf thrust deep throttleable engine for LSAM• Non-toxic RCS thrusters• Expendable SSMEs
• Power• Fuel cells• Lithium-ion batteries• Non-toxic Auxiliary Power Unit for CLV
• Thermal Control• Heat rejection for surface systems
• Avionics & Software• Rad hard & low temperature electronics• Integrated System Health Management• Spacecraft autonomy• Automated Rendezvous & Docking• Autonomous precision landing• Reliable software
• Environmental Control & Life Support• Atmospheric management• Environmental monitoring & control• Advanced air & water recovery systems
• Crew Support & Accommodations• EVA suit• Crew health care systems• Habitability systems
• Mechanisms• Low temperature mechanisms
• In-Situ Resource Utilization• Regolith excavation & material handling• Oxygen production from regolith• Polar volatile collection & separation
• Analysis & Integration• Tool development for architecture & mission analysis• Technology investment portfolio assessments
• Operations• Supportability• Human-system interaction• Surface handling & operations equipment• Surface mobility
Habitat Functional Elements
Crew Accommodations Sleep Accommodations Operations Center Crew Personal Equipment Food Storage, Prep, and
Consumption Personal Hygiene Space Medicine and Health Care
System Adaptation and
Countermeasures Airlock and Alternate Egress
System Stowage, Inventory, and Trash
Management Supportability General and Task Illumination
10October 2006
Habitation Operational Challenges
Radiation Protection
General Radiation. The Habitat will have to provide general radiation protection against accumulated dosage while living in the Habitat.
Single High Dose Events. The Habitat will have to act as the “safe haven” for high dose radiation events. The requirement could be for as long as 4 days to “shelter in place”.
Dust Mitigation. The Habitat will be required to provide a means to deal with the regolith that will accumulate during surface EVAs.
Maintenance and Repair. The Habitat will be required to provide for maintenance and repair of EVA system hardware. The location for this stowage and the amount of volume required could be a major consideration in internal layout of the Habitat.
EVA Consumable Plug-ins. The Habitat will need to provide a primary plug-in location for EVA consumables. There should also be additional plug-in ports around the perimeter and inside the Habitat (in the event of depressurization).
EVA
11October 2006
Habitation Operational Challenges
Glovebox Interface. The Habitat will need to provide a volume with a glovebox to the exterior for “preliminary examination” of samples.
Interaction with Earth-based Experts. The Habitat will also need to provide an interactive capability for conferencing with scientific experts on Earth.
Lunar Surface Science
Dormancy Periods. The Habitat will need to survive during possible dormancy periods when crews might not be present. In some cases, this could be for months at one time.
Power
12October 2006
Post- Exploration Systems Architecture Study (ESAS) work has focused on optimizing the space transportation system Earth-Moon-Earth
Next phases of Constellation Program definition will address surface mission operational concepts and requirements (Sortie, Outpost)
Advanced Project Office will be responsible for formulating the operational concepts and requirements
Habitation Systems will be a key component Keep in mind - while we will be using our lunar experience as a test-bed for
Mars, we need to also use Earth analogs to learn from the experience that already exists in other extreme environments
Future Considerations - Habitation
13October 2006
Thank you! Thank you!