CH.20 THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION & IT'S IMPACT

ON EUROPEAN SOCIETYBy: Toni Briscoe

VOCABULARY

• agricultural revolution

• entrepreneurs

• cottage industry

• flying shuttle

• spinning jenny

• water frame

• mule

• steam engine

• iron industry

• peddling

• Richard Trevithick

• Poor Law Commission

• Rocket • Edwin Chadwick

• time-work discipline • Public Health Act

• crystal palace • National Board Of Health

• continental countries. • coal mines

• Napoleon‘s Continental system. • child labor

• Friedrich List. • cholera

• joint-stock investment banks. • Bourgeoisie

• Samuel Slater • Act of 1833

• British East India Company • Combination Acts

• birth rates • trade unions

• death rates • Robert Owen

• the Great Famine • Luddites

VOCABULARY • Chartism

• People’s Charter

• London Working Men Association

• William Wordsworth

• Factory Act of 1833

• Ten hours Act

• Coal Mines Act

• parliamentary government

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN GREAT BRITAIN •GREAT BRITAIN WAS WEALTHIEST

COUNTRY IN THE WORLD

• ORIGINS - the changes in the methods of farming and stock breeding called agricultural revolution, led to an increase in food production. This meant the British could now feed more mouths at lower prices.

- Britain possessed an effective central bank and well-developed, flexible credit facilities.

- Many of the early entrepreneurs hassled with financial hazards as they tried to sell goods to others and firms.

CONTINUED… - Britain contained many important mineral resources, such as coal and iron ore, which were needed in the manufacturing process. Private and public investment was used to construct new roads, bridges, and canals that would link the major industrial centers of the North, the Midlands, London, and the Atlantic.

- Britain had a Parliamentary government that provided a stable gov. And passed laws that protected private property. The government also provided freedom for private enterprise.

CONTINUED…

• ORIGINS - British exports quadrupled from 1660 to 1760. Possessing a well-developed merchant marine, Britain was able to transport goods anywhere in the world. - Britain had the ability to produce cheaply made articles that are most in demand abroad. - Britain had the highest standard of living in Europe and a rapidly growing population.

•TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGES & NEW FORMS of INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZTION

- The cottage industry became wealthier with the flying shuttle, which sped the process of weaving on a loom but caused shortages of yarn. James Hargreaves’s spinning jenny enabled spinners to produce yarn in greater quantities.

-Richard Arkwright's water frame, was powered by water or horse and Samuel Crompton’s mule, which combined the water frame and spinning jenny. - The steam engine created by James Watt, revolutionized the production of cotton goods and allowed the factory system to spread to other areas of production. This engine was powered by coal and pumped water three times quicker than the previous ones. - The iron industry flourished because of the need for coal for the steam engine. New methods of smelting iron ore to produce cast iron were devised. Henry Cort developed a system called puddling.

CONTINUED…

CONTINUED…

-Puddling was a system in which come was used to burn away impurities in pig iron to produce an iron of high quality, became the most widely used until the 1860s.

- The first steam-powered locomotive was created by Richard Trevithick; it pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles per hour. George Stephenson’s rocket was used on the first public railway line and went 16 miles per hour. The railroad's increased the growth of the coal and iron industries.

- The railway constructions created new job opportunities for farm laborers and peasants. The railroads also created a cheaper and faster means of transportation that had a rippling effect on the growth of the industrial economy.

CONTINUED… • DISCIPLINE IN THE FACTORIES… - Workers were forced to work regular hours and in shifts.

- Factory owners created a time-work discipline that would accustom workers to working regular hours. Workers were fined if they were late to work, dismissed for serious misdoings, and drunkenness.

BRITAIN’S GREAT EXHIBITION OF 1851 - World’s first industrial

fair

- Housed in London at the Crystal Palace, an enormous structure built out of glass and iron

- Contained 100,000 exhibits that showed the products created by the industrial revolution

- Displayed Britain's wealth to the world; it was a gigantic symbol

THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION • LIMITATIONS TO INDUSTRIALIZATION - Continental countries lagged behind in industrialization because the lack of good roads and problems with river transit.

- Bad communications between Britain and the Continent made it difficult for Continental countries to keep up with new British technology. Napoleon’s Continental system helped ruin a number of hitherto prosperous ports.

-A lack of technical knowledge was initially a major obstacle to industrialization, but Continental countries could borrow British techniques and practices. In 1842, the export of important machinery and machine parts, was forbidden.

CONTINUED… - Governments on the continent used tariffs to further industrialization. Cheap British goods flooded Continental markets.

- Friedrich List, emigrated to America and returned to Germany as a U.S. consul. His book National System of Political Economy, he advocated a rapid and large-scale program of industrialization as the surest path to develop a nation’s strength. List felt that a nation must use protective tariffs and that Germany couldn't compete with Britain if they don't use protective tariffs.

CONTINUED…

- Joint-stock investment banks mobilized the savings of thousands of small and large investors that created a supply of capital that could plow back into industry.

- In the 1850s, the Credit Mobilier in France, the Darmstadt Bank in Germany, and the Kreditanstalt in Austria were established. These establishments also took in savings of small investors and bought shares in the new industries.

- Joint-stock industrial banks provided large amounts of capital for advanced industrial machines on the Continent.

CONTINUED… • CENTERS OF CONITENTAL INDUSTRIALIZATION -France was the Continental leader in the manufacturing of cotton goods but still far behind Great Britain.

- Continental technology was a generation behind Great Britain; by the mid-1840s, Belgium had the most modern cotton-manufacturing system on the Continent.

- Belgium was dispersed through many regions and had a mixture of old and new techniques of the cottage system.

- The steam engine came to be used primarily in mining and metallurgy on the Continent rather than in textile manufacturing.

CONTINUED…

- On the Continent before 1850, the heavy industries was a mixture of old and new.

- Before 1850, Germany lagged behind Belgium and France in heavy industry. Germany’s iron manufacturing remained based on old techniques.

• THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION IN THE UNITED STATES - In 1800, the United States had an agrarian society; there weren‘t cities over 100,000, and most American workers were farmers.

- The U.S. population grew 5 to 30 million people and only 50% of American workers were farmer by 1860.

CONTINUED…. - An British immigrant, Samuel Slater, established the first textile factory by using water-powered spinning machines in Rhode island in 1790.

- Americans avoided costly systems by using Harpers Ferry Arsenal.

- The American System reduced costs and revolutionized production by saving labor.

- The lack of transportation limited the American economic development.

- The steamboat facilitated transportation on the Great lakes and rivers.

CONTINUED… - Railroads were very significant to the American economy; this transportation, turned the U.S. into a single massive market for the manufactured goods.

- Women made up 80% of the laboring force in large textile factories.

- Many factory owners labored entire families, including children who worked in their mills.

- The decline in rural births, opened opportunity for European immigrants to replace American women and children in the factories.

- The labor force was unskilled.

DECLINE IN RURAL BIRTHS

CONTINUED… • LIMITING THE SPREAD OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN THE NONINDUSTRIALIZED WORLD - Russia remained largely rural and agricultural, and its rulers kept the peasants in seldom.

- India became the World's greatest exporter of cotton cloth produced by hand labor. Much of India fell under the control of the British East India Company, led to unemployment.

- Indians exported their raw materials while buying British-made goods.

- India represented how some of the rapidly industrializing nations worked to decrease the spread Industrial Revolution.

THE SOCIAL IMPACT OF THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION • POPULATION GROWTH - Governments began to systematically collect precise data on births, deaths, and marriages.

- Birthrates were declining after 1790

- The decline in death rates in Europe was the reason for the expansion of population. Two major causes for these declines:

~There was a drop in the number of deaths from famines, epidemics, and war.

~ The plague and smallpox declined drastically.

- More food supply helped fight diseases in family.

CONTINUED… - There was an overpopulation in parts of France, northern Spain, southern Germany, Sweden, and Ireland.

- The growing of potatoes, saved the health if the Irish peasants. In 1845, the potato crops were struck by a fungus that turned the potatoes black (The Great Famine)

- The Great Famine decimated the Irish population; over 1 million died of starvation and disease. Over 2 million emigrated to the U.S. and Britain.

- Bad harvests produced passive numbers of emigrants.

- Rural masses moved to towns and cities within their own countries to find work. The 19th century was a period of rapid urbanization.

CONTINUED… - Cities were traditionally centers for princely courts, government and military offices, churches, and commerce.

- Cities were becoming places for manufacturing and industry.

- Britain was forced to become a food importer rather than an exporter.

- The living conditions had miserable living conditions for many inhabitants. The wealthy lived on the outer ring of the city and the lower class lived in the inner ring of the city.

- Sanitary conditions were appalling, due to the lack of municipal direction, city street were often used as sewers and open drains. This increased death of the city people.

URBAN LIVING CONDITIONS CONTINUED… - Finally in 1875, an effective food and drug act was passed in Britain.

- Britain‘s Poor Law Commission produced detailed reports on investigations. The investigators observed that young working-class men were shorter and scrawnier than middle-class families and more subject to disease.

- An urban reformer, Edwin Chadwick wanted eliminate poverty and squalor the metropolitan areas. He was issuing a system of modern sanitary reforms consisting of efficient sewers and a supply of piped water.

- Britain‘s Public Health Act created the National Board of Health, to form local boards that would EST. Modern sanitary systems.

CONTINUED… - The middle-class citizens supported the public health reforms because they feared cholera, a deadly disease.

• NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: THE INDUSTRIAL MIDDLE CLASS - The Bourgeoisie or middle-class were people involved in commerce, industry, and banking as well as professionals (lawyers, teachers, gov. officials)

- Early industrial entrepreneurs raised capital, determined markets, set company objectives, etc.

NEW SOCIAL CLASSES: WORKERS IN THE INDUSTRIAL AGE - Members of the industrial middle-class were trying to separate themselves from laboring classes below them. - Craftspeople were the largest group of urban workers during the first half of the 19th century. - Artisans supported movements against industrialization due to the fear of losing their jobs. • WORKING CONDITIONS - Workers faced horrible working conditions - Working in the coal mines caused deformed bodies and ruined lung - Child labor was used as a cheap supply of labor and paid 1/6 to 1/3 of what a man was paid. Work was also harsh.

CONTINUED… - Act of 1833, the number of children employed declined, their places were taken by women.

•WOMEN'S WORK WORLD -Women made up 50% of labor force in textile factories before 1870. They were mostly unskilled labor and paid half or less what men received.

- Traditional views of women still predominated

- Women assumed daily control of the family and worked laundry jobs, which was done at home.

STANDARDS OF LIVING - Wages, prices, and consumption patterns are used for measuring the standard of living.

- A drop in prices was accompanied by a slight increase in wages between the years 1815-1830.

- Short-lived economic depressions brought high unemployment and increased social tensions.

Efforts at change: the Workers

The Combination Acts in 1799 and 1800, outlawed associations of workers.

-Trade unions were formed by skilled workers, it preserved their own workers’ position by limiting entry into their trade, and gained benefits from the employers.

CONTINUED… - Blatant illegal activities lead to the parliament repealing the Combination Acts in 1824. - Social reformer, Robert Owen, believed in the creation of voluntary associations. Under his directions, plans emerged for the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, formed in February 1834. - The largest and most successful union was the Amalgamated Society of Engineers. Unemployment benefits were gains the trade unions wanted. - The Luddites were skilled craftspeople in northern England who attacked the machines they believed threatened their livelihoods. These attacks didn‘t stop the industrial mechanization. - Chartism was the first important political movement of working men organized during the 19th century. Its aim was to achieve political democracy. The came from the People’s Charter, a document created by the London Working Men's Association.

EFFORTS AT CHANGE: REFORMERS AND GOVERNMENT

- William Wordsworth, romantic poet.

- With Degradation and suffering, the reform efforts began to succeed.

- First success was a series of factory acts passed between 1802 and 1819 that limited labor for children between the ages of 9-16 to twelve hours a day.

- The Factory Act of 1833, strengthened earlier labor legislation. All textile factories were now joined.

- A fine would be given to law-breakers

- The Ten Hours Act reduced workday for children and women

- The Coal Mines Act eliminated women and boys under 10 to work in the mines.