Ch 31 Sensation & Perception Ch. 3: Vision © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M...
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Transcript of Ch 31 Sensation & Perception Ch. 3: Vision © Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M...
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Sensation & Perception
• Ch. 3: Vision
© Takashi Yamauchi (Dept. of Psychology, Texas A&M University)
• Main topics– convergence– Inhibition, lateral inhibition and lightness perception– Interactions between neurons– Feature detectors
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Question 1
• What do these devices have in common?
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These devices make use of electromagnetic waves
Capture electromagnetic waves and transform them into various forms.
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What does the eye do?
Transducing light energy into electrical energy
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Transduction Light enters the eye A photon hits a receptor changes the shape of pigment molecules triggers massive chemical reactions generate electrical signals
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• Solar cells (photovoltaics) produce electricity in a similar way as our eyes do.
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Rods and cones
• Morphology
• Distribution on the retina
• Dark adaptation
• Spectral sensitivity
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Photo receptors: Rods and cones
• Rods have bigger outer segments than cones.• Why?
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Outer segments capture photons
• Bigger outer segments can capture more light.
• Rods have bigger outer segments.
– Rods allow us to see in the dark.
– Cones are mainly for day vision.
– Cones are for color perception.
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• How can we see a book?
• How can we see a desk?
• Why don’t we see light?
How can we see objects?
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Reflection of light• What we see is a reflection of light.
• Different objects reflect different wavelengths, different objects show different colors
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• Photo receptors in the eye are geared to capture different wavelengths
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Lens: focuses light rays.
Iris: control the size of the pupil regulating the amount of light reaching the retina
Retina: a layer of receptor cells
Receptor cells rods and cones
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Retina:
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• Photo receptors are facing away from the light source.• The optic nerve carries neural information to this spot. • What happens?
– No receptors, no vision blind spot
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Some messages: how to improve your vision
• Massage your eye muscles• Eat carrots• Massage the back of your head.
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Rods and cones
• Morphology
• Distribution on the retina
• Dark adaptation
• Spectral sensitivity
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The distribution of cones and rods on the retina
• Cones are concentrated mainly on the fovea.
• There are no rods on the fovea.• We move eyes to capture images
on the fovea.
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Demonstration
• Blind spot
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Rods and cones are different
• In their dark adaptation rates
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Dark adaptation rates of rods and cones
• When you enter a dark room from outside, you can’t see well at first. But gradually, your eyes are adjusted to the dark, and see better.
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• In terms of the activity of neurons,
what is the difference between
A and B ?
Any guess?
A. B.
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Measuring the electrical activity of a neuron directly by inserting a thin needle into animal brains.
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Time0 t
The frequency of action potential
Time0 t
Time0 t
The number of action potential emitted by a neuron is correlated with the intensity of the stimulus.
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Neural Processing by Convergence
• Why are rods more sensitive to light than cones?
• Because rods are bigger than cones.
• Because rods and cones are connected to ganglion cells in different manners.
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Activities of neurons can be schematically shown as
B
a1 a2 a3 a4The firing rate of neuron B is determined by the activation sent by neurons a1-a4.
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Ganglion cell
• Ganglion cell
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• Convergence:
• The ratio of connections with two groups of neurons.
• Rods vs. Ganglion cells– 120:1
• Cones vs. Ganglion cells– 6:1
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Why does this matter?
• How is this related to the higher sensitivity of rods?
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The cones result in better detail vision than the rods
• Visual acuity– How far apart are two dots?
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Time0 t
The frequency of action potential
Time0 t
Time0 t
The number of action potential emitted by a neuron is correlated with the intensity of the stimulus.
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Fig. 2.11, p.53
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• Demonstration:
• On a scratch paper, draw two vertical lines of about 2 inches (1/2 inch apart).
• Close your left eye, and focus your right eye on your index figure, and move the figure.
• At some point, you can’t distinguish the two vertical lines.
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The distribution of cones and rods on the retina
• Cones are concentrated mainly on the fovea.
• There are no rods on the fovea.
• We move eyes to capture images on the fovea.
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Visual Cortex
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The cones result in better detail vision than the rods
• Visual acuity– How far apart are two dots?
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Neurons
• How do you detect there are two separate dots (lights)?
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• How do you detect there are two separate dots (lights)?
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• Rods are bigger than cones• Convergence:
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Lateral Inhibition & Mach bands
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ch 3 51Herman grid
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Time0 t
The frequency of action potential
Time0 t
The number of action potential emitted by a neuron is correlated with the intensity of the stimulus.
Time0 t
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Questions: What happens to B?
0 t
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Questions: What happens to B?
Excitatory Inhibitory
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Receptive field• The receptive field of a neuron in the visual
system is the area on the retina that influences the firing rate (action potential) of the neuron.
• Measuring the receptive field of a ganglion cell
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Receptive field of a ganglion cell
Measuring the frequency of action potentials elicited by this ganglion cell.
ConesGanglion cell
B
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Receptive field of a ganglion cell
ConesGanglion cell
B12 3 4 5 6 7
Firing rate of B
4 3-5 2-6 2-7
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Questions: What happens to B?
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Measuring the receptive field of a ganglion cell
Change the size of the stimulus and see the way a ganglion cell respond
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Cones Ganglion cell
B
12 3 4 5 6 7
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Excitatory Inhibitory
Excitatory-center-inhibitory-surround receptive field
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Questions: What happens to B?
Excitatory Inhibitory
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Excitatory and inhibitory connections
• What neurons transmit is electricity.
• Some neurons send positive (excitatory) signals (+) increase the firing rate of the target neuron.
• some neurons send negative (inhibitory) signals (-) depress the firing rate of the target neuron.
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Spatial Summation
c1 c2 c3 c4
B
a1 a2 a3 a4
+ +
= 4
+ +
B
a1 a2 a3 a4
+ +
= 0
+ + - - - -The firing rate of neuron B can be expressed by the overall summation of the signals that B receives.
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How does this happen?
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=sum(B)
=sum(B)
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Fig. 3-6, p. 50
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Fig. 3-7, p. 51
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Why is this important?
help you to detect the edge of a figure
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Light intensity
location
Perceived Light intensity
location
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Physical stimuli Your perception
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Lateral inhibition
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+ +-- --+ +-- --
100 20
+ +-- --+ +-- --
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White’s illusion
• Can you explain this by lateral inhibition?
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Application: Machine vision
• Implementing the mechanism of lateral inhibition to a computer program.
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Image
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• Edge detection algorithm– Zero-crossing