Digital Circuits. Analog and Digital Signals Noise margins in Logic Circuits VMVM.
Ch 3. Digital Circuits
description
Transcript of Ch 3. Digital Circuits
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Ch 3. Digital Circuits3.1 Logic Signals and Gates
N bits can represent states (When N=1, 2 states)
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β Black-box representation and Truth table shows a logic circuit with input/output and ignores electrical behavior of the circuit
Black-box
Input Output
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β AND gate produces β1β : Only if all of its inputs are β1ββ OR gate produces β1β : One or more of its inputs are β1ββ NOT gate produces an output that is opposite of its input value
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β NAND Gate : Opposite of an AND gateβs outputβ NOR Gate : Opposite of an OR gateβs output
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Black-box representation Truth table
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β Timing diagram show how the circuit might respond to a time-varying pattern of input
signals
Lag
πΏπ +πΏ β²π β² π β²
LagLag
Input
Output
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3.3 CMOS Logic
Not expected to occur except during signal transition
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High resistance : βOffβ Transistor
Low resistance : βOnβ Transistor
NMOS
PMOSTurn on when
Turn on when
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NMOS, Turn on when
PMOS, Turn on when
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PMOS
NMOS
PMOS
NMOS
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CMOS inverter
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λ μ€ νλλ§ On λμ΄λ Z=β1β
λ λ€ On λμ΄μΌ Z=β0β
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PMOS
NMOS
PMOS
NMOS
PMOS
NMOS
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λ μ€ νλλ§ On λμ΄λ Z=β0β
λ λ€ On λμ΄μΌ Z=β1β
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==
=
PMOS λ F λ₯Ό μ΄μ©
NMOS λ Fβ λ₯Ό μ΄μ©
D
F
AND -> SeriesOR -> Parallel
PMOS λ F λ₯Ό μ΄μ©
NMOS λ Fβ λ₯Ό μ΄μ©
F =
Fβ =
F
A
C
A
B
B
D
C
D
π½ π π
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AND -> SeriesOR -> Parallel
PMOS λ F λ₯Ό μ΄μ©
NMOS λ Fβ λ₯Ό μ΄μ©
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Inverter + Inverter
π¨ β²π¨
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NAND + Inverter
π¨ βπ©π¨ βπ©
More Transistors are needed than NAND
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π¨ βπ©+πͺ βπ«
(π¨+π©) β(πͺ+π«)
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4x3+2 =14 Transistor
6 Transistor
6 Transistor
4 Transistor
16 Transistor
β‘
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(π¨+π©) β(πͺ+π«)
π¨ βπ©+πͺ βπ«
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4x3+2 =14 Transistor
6 Transistor
4 Transistor
6 Transistor
16 Transistor
β‘
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3.4 Electrical Behavior of CMOS Circuits
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3.5 CMOS Static Electrical Behavior
Noise can be added in signals
So, There are noise margins
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: Min output voltage produced in high state
: Min input voltage guaranteed to be recognized as high
: Max input voltage guaranteed to be recognized as low
: Max output voltage produced in low state
High state μμλ Minimum value κ³ λ €
Low state μμλ Maximum value κ³ λ €
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π½ π»πππ=πππ¨
πππ¨+ππ π¨ Γππ½=π .ππ½
Not CMOS resistive load
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π½ π»πππ=ππππ¨
ππππ¨+ππππ¨ Γπ .πππ½=π .πππ½
When
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π½ π»πππ=(ππ½ βπ .πππ½ ) ππππ¨ππππ¨+ππππ¨+π .πππ½=π .πππ½
When
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π½ ππ=π .ππ½
πΉπ ( ππ)β π½ πΆπ³ππππ»
π°πΆπ³ππππ»πΉπ (ππ )β
π½ π«π«βπ½ πΆπ―ππππ»
|π° πΆπ― ππππ»|(TTL load) (TTL load)
π½ ππ=π .ππ½
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π°πππ=π .πππ½
π .πππππ¨=π.πππ¨ |π°πππ|=π .ππ½ βπ .πππ½π .ππππ π¨ =π .πππ¨
Sink current Source current
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π=πΏ β πΏ=πΏ
Pull-up Pull-down
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ππ π π
No Transition Time in ideal case
(20% ~ 80%) (80% ~ 20%)
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3.6 CMOS Dynamic Electrical Behavior
Both the speed and the power consumption of a CMOS device depend to a large extent on βACβ device
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High State Low State
π½ πΆπΌπ»=π½ π«π« βπβπ
πΉπ πͺπ³
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π π =βπΉππͺ π³ β πππ½ πΆπΌπ»
π½ π«π«
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Low State High State
π½ πΆπΌπ»=π½ π«π« β(πβπβπ
πΉπ πͺπ³ )
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ππ=βπΉπͺ β ππ π½ π«π«βπ½ πΆπΌπ»
π½ π«π«
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50%50%
Ideal case (No rise and fall times)
Propagation delay
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(internal power dissipation due to output transition)
(Power due to load capacitor)
π·π«=π·π» +π·π³= (πͺπ·π«+πͺπ³ ) βπ½ πͺπͺπ β π =πͺπ½ π π
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ππ π½ π°π΅π ,π½ π°π΅π ,β― ,π½ π°π΅π=π³ ,πππππππππ½ πππ=π―ππ π½ π°π΅π ,π½ π°π΅π ,β― ,π½ π°π΅π=π― ,πππππππππ½ πππ=π³
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ππ»πππππππππ
πΊβ²
XS
YSοΌ
πππ»πππππππππ
3.7 Other CMOS input and Output Structures
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π .ππ½ βπ .ππ½ : π³πππ .ππ½βπ .ππ½ :π―πππ
πΊπππππππ .ππ½ππππππ
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πΊππππππβπππππππ ππππππππ
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Open-drain output requires an external pull-up resistor
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Increase because R=1.5Kπ¨Pull-up Resistor
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πΉ=π½ πͺπͺβπ½ πΆπ³βπ½ π³π¬π«
π°π³π¬π«=π .πβπ .ππβπ .π
ππππ¨ βππππ¨
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πΆπππππ=π³
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(AND Function)
X
Y
W
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Burn !
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π° πΆπ³πππ=πππ¨ (π¨πππππππππ)
π° πΉπππ=πβ (π βπ .π )=π .πππ¨
Low output must sink 0.4mAπ° π°π³πππ=βπ .πππ¨
Rπππ=π .πβπ .π
π°πΉπππ=ππππ .ππ¨
π½ πΆπ³=π .ππ½ ( π¨πππππππππ)
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In high state, typical open-drain outputs have a maximum leakage current 5uA and typical LS-TTL inputs require 20uA of a source current
π° πΉππππ=(π βπππ¨ )+(π βππππ¨)=ππππ¨π¨
π° π°π―πππ=ππππ¨β
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3.8 CMOS Logic Families
High-speed CMOS High-speed CMOS, TTL compatible
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3.9 Low-Voltage CMOS Logic and Interfacing
π·π«=π·π» +π· π³= (πͺπ·π«+πͺπ³ ) βπ½ πͺπͺπ β π =πͺπ½ π π
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Clamp overshoot
Clamp diodeTo Clamp overshoot
Clamp undershoot
0.6V
-0.6V
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G
GS
D
S
OFF
OFF
S
D
G
S
D
πΎππππ½ πππ>π½ππ ,πΈπ=πΆπ΅
D
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3.10 Bipolar Logic
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AND
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pnp
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π΅ππ π πππππ πππππππππ
π .πππ½
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Diode AND Gate
Output stage= Totem pole
V
Phase Splitter
Path for discharging both
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π³ππ
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π―πππ
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π .ππ½
π .ππ½1
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πͺπ΄πΆπΊ
π»π»π³πͺπ΄πΆπΊ
π»π»π³
π»π»π³
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