Ch 1 What is Psychology?
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Transcript of Ch 1 What is Psychology?
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON1
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Heads up!Before we begin …
You will be learning A LOT of new terms and words in this class.
At the beginning of each chapter is a list of Key Terms. You will be expected to KNOW these terms for the chapter test.
As we proceed in class - make notes of new terms that we discuss AND their definitions & examples!
Plain & simple – You will have to memorize these terms …. AND the people that we will learn about.
HOLT, RINEHART AND WINSTON2
PPSYCHOLOGYSYCHOLOGY PRINCIPLES IN PRACTICE
Chapter 1WHAT IS PSYCHOLOGY
Section 1: Why Study Psychology?Section 2: What Psychologists DoSection 3: A History of PsychologySection 4: Contemporary Perspectives
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Section Reading Questions1. What are the goals of psychology, and how is
psychology a science?2. What do psychologists do, and what are their areas of
specialization?3. How has the study of psychology developed over time?4. What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in
psychology?
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Section 1: Why study psychology? Why did you take this class? What is psychology? Do you know?
“…the scientific study of behavior and mental processes.”
How? Observe and measure. COGNITION (another word you will
see is cognitive) thought processes emotions
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Question: What are the goals of psychology?
Psychologists have the same goals as scientists. Observe Describe behavior Explain Predict Control
Section 1: Why Study Psychology?
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Question: How is psychology a science?
Section 1: Why Study Psychology?
Psychology is a social science. History, anthropology, economics, political science,
sociology …all deal with the structure of human society and the
nature of the individuals But is this REAL science like biology or
chemistry? …. answer questions by applying the steps involved in
scientific research … conducting experiments, collecting and analyzing
data, drawing conclusions Research
Surveys and experiments
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Section 2: What do psychologists do?
Psychologists accept that something is true ONLY if the evidence shows it is so. Some are interested in RESEARCH – investigating and
forming theories – and finally testing those theories Others apply knowledge through THERAPY to help people. And finally there are those who TEACH in classrooms and
workshops.
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Question: What are their areas of specialization?
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION Clinical – the largest group – treat psychological problems Counseling – treat adjustment problems School – deal with students who have problems that
interfere with learning Educational Psychologist – focus on course planning and
instructional methods
Section 2: What Psychologists Do
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Question: What are their areas of specialization?
Personality Psychologist – identify characteristics or traits
Social Psychologist – concerned with people’s behavior in social situations
Experimental Psychologist – conduct research into basic processes
Section 2: What Psychologists Do
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued)
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Question: What are their areas of specialization?
Industrial and Organizational Psychologist – focus on people in work and business
Environmental Psychologist – focus on ways in which people influence and are influenced by physical environment
Consumer Psychologist – study the behavior of shoppers to explain and predict behavior
Section 2: What Psychologists Do
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued)
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Question: What are their areas of specialization?
Forensic Psychologist – are concerned with how psychological problems give rise to criminal behavior
Health Psychologist – study the ways in which behavior and mental processes are related to physical health
Section 2: What Psychologists Do
AREAS OF SPECIALIZATION (continued)
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Psychology Today: Psychology as a Profession
Section 3: A History of Psychology
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Psychology Today: Where are psychologists employed?
Section 3: A History of Psychology
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Question: How has the study of psychology developed over time?
Section 3: A History of Psychology
Psychology is as old as
human history.
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Roots from Ancient Greece
Socrates (469-399 CE) “Know thyself.” Learn about yourself through
self-examination ~ introspection
Aristotle (384-322 CE) Human behavior is subject to
certain rules and laws.
…really began with ancient philosphy.
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The ancient Greeks theorized about various psychological problems.
…believed that the gods punished people by causing them confusion and madness.
Hippocrates (460-377 CE) …caused by abnormalities in
the brain
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The Middle Ages …believed that agitation and
confusion were signs of possession by demons
…punishment for sins or deals made with the devil
Tests were used to determine if a person was possessed.
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The birth of modern science
In the mid 16th century, Copernicus looked to the skies and Versalius wrote about the workings of the human body – est. the basis for modern science.
…leading to the birth of modern psychology in the 1800s.
…ideas about human behavior and mental processes should be supported by EVIDENCE.
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Wilhelm Wundt and the School of Structuralism
1879~first formal psychological laboratory in the world (Leipzig)
…founded structuralism the study of the elements of
consciousness what was it? What was it
made of? What was its structure??
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William James and the School of Functionalism
… how mental processes help organisms adapt to their environment – what were their functions??
The Principles of Psychology (1890) considered by many as the first modern psychology textbook
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John B. Watson and the School of Behaviorism
…believed that it is unscientific to study consciousness
claimed that psychology was not concerned with the mind or with human consciousness
…study should be limited to observable, measurable events – BEHAVIOR humans could be studied objectively, like
rats and apes Defined psychology as the scientific
study of observable behavior.
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B.F. Skinner and Reinforcement
…when an animal is reinforced (rewarded), for performing an action, it is more likely to perform that action again in the future
…people learn the same way animals do People learn to behave in certain ways because
they have been reinforced for doing so.
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The Gestalt School
…context influences people’s interpretation of information
…much learning, especially problem solving, is accomplished by insight, not by mechanical repetition
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Sigmund Freud and the School of Psychoanalysis
…emphasizes the importance of unconscious motives and internal conflicts in determining human behavior
…most of what fills an individual’s mind is unconscious and consists of conflicting impulses, urges, and wishes
People’s behavior is aimed at satisfying these impulses – even though some may be socially inappropriate or unacceptable
People often fool themselves about the real motives for their behavior.
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Question: What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology?
Each perspective emphasizes different topics of investigation and has different approaches.
Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives
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Question: What are the seven main contemporary perspectives in psychology?
Biological – nervous system, glands, hormones, genetic factors Evolutionary – physical traits, social behavior Cognitive – interpretation of mental images, thinking,
language Humanistic – self-concept Psychoanalytic – environmental influences, learning,
observational learning Learning – effects of experience on behavior Sociocultural – ethnicity, gender, culture, socioeconomic status
Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives
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Main topic
Section 4: Contemporary Perspectives