U NIT O NE What is Psychology? Ch. 1. P SYCHOLOGY Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and...
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Transcript of U NIT O NE What is Psychology? Ch. 1. P SYCHOLOGY Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and...
UNIT ONEWhat is Psychology?
Ch. 1
PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes Behavior- any action that other people can
observe and/or measure Cognition- mental processes that are unseen
Memory, dreams, perception, thoughts
PSYCHOLOGY
Goals Observe/Describe-
taking measurements and recording Explain-
determine the how and whys of behavior Predict-
make judgments on future behavior by using data of past events
Control/change- use behaviors of individuals to help accomplish goals
PSYCHOLOGY
IS a SOCIAL SCIENCE Deal with structure of human society and the
nature and interactions of the individuals that make up society…(and animals)
Psychology specifically focuses on behaviors and mental processes of individuals in a society.
We use basic science (research for knowledge sake) and applied science (use of basic science)
PART 2What do Psychologists DO?
PSYCHOLOGISTS
Three types of Psychologists Psychiatrists
Observe, identify and treat psych issues with medicine and therapy
Clinical Psychologists Observe, identify and overcome psychological issues
Counseling Psychologists Identify and help clarify everyday issues
TYPES OF PSYCHOLOGISTS School- identify issues that interfere with learning Educational- concerned with theoretical issues in learning Developmental- study changes throughout the life span Personality- identify characteristics of people Social- focus on individuals in groups Experimental- conduct research into basic human
processes I/O- focus on increasing productivity in the workplace Environmental- focus on relationship b/w individuals and
their environments Consumer- focus on how people shop Forensic- focus on criminal behavior Health- focus on how mental states affect physical health
PART 3A History of Psychology
ROOTS OF PSYCHOLOGY
Philosophy of Ancient Greeks were the building blocks of modern Psychology Socrates, Plato, Aristotle and Hippocrates
Birth of Modern Science People began to theorize about life on earth using
empirical research. Birth of Psychology as a science
Wilhelm Wundt 1879 Leipzig, Germany Established the first psych experiment
Experimented with human sensation and awareness
And so, Psychology birthed many schools of thought to explain behavior
PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES
Structualism (Wundt and Tichner) Focused on basic elements of consciousness
Functionalism (James) Consciousness is a continuous stream and
served the purpose of adaptability Gestalt (Wertheimer, Koffka, Kohler)
Learning is active and purposeful, perceptions are more than the sums of their parts
PERSPECTIVES
Behaviorism/Learning (Pavlov, Skinner, Watson) We learn behavior via observable responses
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic (Freud, Jung) Motivated by unconscious conflicts
Cognitive (Piaget, Vygotsky) How we think shapes what we do
Humanistic (Maslow, Rogers) Motivated by need to belong and personal growth
Socio-Cultural Our environment shapes who we are
Biological Our mind and body determine behaviors
UNIT ONEPsychological Methods
Ch.2
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
Quick Review for YOU! What are the goals of Psychology?
Observe, Explain, Predict and Change We use __________science when conducting
research We use ___________science when we use the
research already conducted.
CONDUCTING RESEARCH
The scientific method…yup, you know this. Question
What are you interested in finding out? Hypothesis
What do you think you will find out? Research
Which method of research is best? What are the operational definitions?
Analyzing Organizing all the data
Conclusions What does all your data say?
Replicate
RESEARCH METHODS
Descriptive Research Case Study Longitudinal Cross-Sectional Observations
Naturalistic/Laboratory Surveys
Population Sample
RESEARCH EXAMPLE: SURVEY
Q- Are Hough Students Happy? H- yes, due to their personal and educational
environments. R- Survey
Operational Definitions- Population- Hough High Students Sample- 200 students
Randomization- ask 9,10,11 and 12th grade English teachers to pass out surveys in class
INTERPRETING DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH
Correlation Measure of relatedness Predicts Behavior Correlation Coefficient
Determines strength and direction of relationship A Number ranging from -1 to +1
1 indicating a strong relationship 0 indicating no relationship Positive- Variables move together Negative- Variables move opposite
RESEARCH METHODS
Experiment Proves Cause and Effect Components of an Experiment
Independent Variable Dependent Variable Placebo Groups
Experimental Group Control Group
Decreasing Bias Random Assignment Single-Blind Study Double-Blind Study
RESEARCH METHODS
Analyzing Results Organization
Frequency Distribution Charts Measures of Central Tendency
Mean, Median and Mode Interpretation
Graphs Measures of Variability
Range and Standard Deviation
PRACTICE Is there a relationship between the number of hours a
person spends studying and his/her test grade?
Hours Studying Test Grade
.5 70
3 85
4.2 75
11
7560
5 95
3 89
2.5 60
8 98
.5 50
PRACTICE
With the following information, please answer the following: Create a Frequency Distribution Chart to organize data Create a scatter plot to determine the correlation
between hours studying and test grade. Label each axis accordingly.
What type of correlation is shown? _________________ Would you say it was a strong correlation?
Determine the mean, median and mode of the test scores. Which is the best measure of central tendency and why?
Determine the mean, median and mode of the hours spent studying. Which is the best measure of central tendency and why?
What is the range of scores on the test?
PRACTICE
Scores
Hou
rs