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!!Certification!Standards!and!Deforestation!

!Analysis!of!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!ensuring!deforestation7free!production!and!trade!in!cocoa,!palm!oil!and!soy!!!Peter!C.!de!Koning,!Daniel!A.!Wiegant!Support!Unit!of!the!AD!Partnership!!77!REVISED!VERSION!2017!77!

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MEKON Ecology

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MEKON Ecology

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Certification!Standards!and!Deforestation:!Analysis(of(Voluntary(Sustainability(Standards(ensuring(

deforestation4free(production(and(trade(in(cocoa,(palm(oil(and(soy((

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!Peter!C.!de!Koning,!Daniel!A.!Wiegant!

Support!Unit!of!the!Amsterdam!Declarations!Partnership!Mekon!Ecology!

!BBB!!REVISED!VERSION!2017!BBB!

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Table of contents Abbreviations!!1! Introduction!........................................................................................................................!1!2! Sustainability!Standards!in!general!.....................................................................................!2!

2.1! Supply!chain!traceability!models!.................................................................................!2!2.2! State!of!sustainable!markets!.......................................................................................!2!2.3! Overview!main!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!.....................................................!3!2.4! GovernmentCled!schemes!ISPO!and!MSPO!..................................................................!9!2.5! Consumer!Goods!Forum!and!FEFAC!..........................................................................!14!

3! The!analysis!.......................................................................................................................!16!3.1! Relevant!certification!standards!and!deforestationCfree!...........................................!16!3.2! Cocoa!.........................................................................................................................!19!3.3! Palm!Oil!......................................................................................................................!21!3.4! Soy!.............................................................................................................................!23!

4! Concluding!remarks!..........................................................................................................!26!4.1! General!......................................................................................................................!27!4.2! Status!relevant!deforestationCfree!voluntary!sustainability!standards!.....................!26!

!Literature!!!Annex:!

A. Certified!areas!cocoa,!palm!oil!and!soy!by!selected!standards.!

!!!!!!!!!Additional!information!can!be!obtained!by!contacting:!Peter!de!Koning,!<!pdk@mekonecology.net!>!

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Abbreviations AAPRESID! Argentine!Association!of!ZeroCTillage!Producers!AD! Amsterdam!Declarations!ADCGroup! Signatory!Countries!of!the!Amsterdam!Declarations!Amaggi!RSS! Amaggi!Responsible!Soy!Standard!!ADM!RSS! Archer!Daniels!MidlandC!Responsible!Soy!Standard!!ADM!SFF! Archer!Daniels!Midland,!Sustainable!Feed!Standard!BFA!SS! Belgian!Feed!Association!Sustainable!Soy!Cargill!Triple!S! Cargill!company!Sustainably!Sourced!and!Supplied!CGF! Consumer!Goods!Forum!CIFOR! Center!for!International!Forestry!Research!CRS!CEFETRA! Certified!Responsible!Soy!by!CEFETRA!company,!the!Netherlands!FEFAC! Federation!of!European!Feed!Manufacturers!FEMAS! Feed!Materials!Assurance!Scheme,!United!Kingdom!FoKSBI! Indonesian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!Platform.!GMO! Genetically!Modified!Organisms!HCA! High!Carbon!Stock!Areas!HCV(A)! High!Conservation!Value!Areas!IFOAM! International!Federation!of!Organic!Agriculture!Movements!ISCC! International!Sustainability!&!Carbon!Certification!ISO! International!Organisation!for!Standardisation!ISPO! Indonesian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!MPOCC! Malaysian!Palm!Oil!Certification!Council!MSPO! Malaysian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!RA! Rainforest!Alliance!RSPO! Roundtable!on!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!RTRS! Roundtable!on!Responsible!Soy!SAN! Sustainable!Agriculture!Network!SDGs! Sustainable!Development!Goals!VSS! Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!

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1 Introduction!The!Amsterdam!Declarations!(ADs)!on!sustainable!palm!oil!and!on!eliminating!deforestation!from!agricultural!commodity!trade!with!European!countries!are!signed!by!Denmark,!France,!Germany,!Italy,!the!Netherlands,!Norway!and!the!United!Kingdom:!the!‘ADCGroup’.!!Responsible!management!of!supply!chains,!sustainable!trade!and! jurisdictional!/! landscape!approaches! are! important! cornerstones! in! reaching! sustainable! development,! as! through!global! value! chains! consumer! and! producer! countries! have! a! shared! responsibility! for!sustainable! business! practices.! The! goal! of! the! ADs! is! sustainable1!and! deforestationCfree2!agricultural!commodity!import!by!2020,!thereby!contributing!to!the!climate!change!agenda!and! the! Sustainable! Development! Goals! (SDGs).! Currently,! the! focus! is! mainly! on! cocoa,!palm!oil!and!soy.!Later!commodities!such!as!beef!&!leather,!coffee,!paper!&!pulp!and!rubber!will!be!considered.!The!key!performance!indicator!on!deforestation!would!be!the!number!of!hectares!deforested!in!relation!to!agricultural!commodity!trade!with!the!signatory!countries.!However,!(a)!this!indicator!is!difficult!to!measure!as!deforestation!is!very!much!commodityCsectorCproducer!country!context!dependent;!and! (b)!deforestationCfree! is!also!used!by! the!ADCgroup! as! a! means! to! support! wider! socially,! economically! and! environmentally!sustainable! development.! For! every! commodity,! a! variety! of! certification! standards! exist!that!aim!to!ensure!(aspects!of)!sustainable!development.!!!A!growing!number!of!companies!that!either!produce!or!trade!agricultural!commodities!are!committed!to!eliminating!deforestation!from!their!supply!chain,!and!at!least!366!companies!have!publicly!reported!their!commitment!to!deforestationCfree!supply!chains! (McCarthy!et!al.,! 2016).! Whether! they! have! committed! individually,! or! by! means! of! alliances! and!initiatives! such! as! the! Consumer! Goods! Forum! (CGF)! and! the! New! York! Declaration! on!Forests,! companies! and! governments! are! now! facing! the! challenge! of! implementing! their!commitments!(TFA!2020,!2016).!Full!certification!is!also!the!primary!means!for!companies!to!demonstrate! their!performance! (FERN,!2017).! In!addition,! standards!are!very! instrumental!to! involve! companies! in! meeting! global! commitments! on! zeroCdeforestation! (an! issue! on!landscape!level).!!!The! ADCgroup! is! linked! to! producer! countries! through! the! commodity! supply! chain.!Therefore,! the!main!proxy! indicator! chosen!by! the!ADCgroup! for!measuring!deforestationCfree!commodity!trade!with!their!countries!is!“volume'of'certified'commodity'X'imported'into'the' signatory' countries”,! whereby! deforestationCfree! and! standards! are! also! used! as!instruments!to!enhance!sustainable!development,!climate!change!mitigation!and!adaptation!and! address! wider! deforestation! challenges.! The! question! addressed! in! this! report! is:!“Which! Voluntary! Sustainability! Standards! (VSS)! ensure! deforestationCfree! commodity!production!and!trade?”!!!This!document!provides!an!analysis!of!the!most!relevant!(in!volume)!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards! (VSS)! based! upon! various! policy! criteria! including! noCdeforestation.! This! report!does! not! compare! one! standard! to! the! other! nor! evaluates! effective! implementation! of!specific! sustainability! standards.! Standards! were! approached! to! check! whether! the!description!and!analysis!were!correct.!!

1!Sustainable:!As!defined!through!the!Sustainable!Development!Goals!(SDGs).!2!Deforestation:!The!conversion!of!forests!or!woodland!savannahs!to!other!land!uses,!or!the!longCterm!reduction!of!tree!canopy!cover!below!the!minimum!10!percent!threshold.!!

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2 Sustainability!Standards!in!general!Basically,! VSS! or! certification! standards! are! voluntary! norms! and! standards! relating! to!environmental,! social,! ethical! and! food! safety! issues,! adopted! by! companies! to! show! the!performance! of! their! organisation! and/or! their! products! on! these! issues.! The! Organic!standard!was!established!in!the!70s.!Sustainability!certification!started!in!the!late!‘80s!with!the! realisation! that! social! and! environmental! legislation! in! countries! was! limited! or! not!enforced.! The! first! VSS! were! developed! to! ensure! a! fair! income! for! the! small! producer,!health!and!food!safety!concerns!or!biodiversity.!!

2.1 Supply!chain!traceability!models!

VSS!are!linked!to!specific!commodity!supply!models!to!ensure!traceability!(see!box).!Also!for!deforestation! the! supply! chain! traceability! is! important! because! if! the! physical! product!cannot! be! traced! back! to! its! production! region! the! link! with! deforestation! in! that! same!region!is!not!clear.!!Box:!!Supply!chain!traceability!models!!• ‘Identity'preserved’:!Throughout!the!supply!chain!the!physical!product!is!kept!separate!from!the!

products!from!other!sources,!even!if!the!latter!were!produced!according!to!the!same!standard.!The!product!can!be!traced!back!to!its!sustainable!(certified)!source.!

• ‘Segregated’:!in!this!system,!inputs!from!different!sources!produced!according!to!the!same!sustainability!standard!can!be!aggregated.!The!products!are!strictly!separated!from!nonCcertified!inputs!during!the!whole!supply!chain.!The!result!is!that!end!products!are!guaranteed!to!have!100%!of!the!certified!raw!material.!!

• ‘Mass=Balance’:!It!is!not!always!feasible!or!efficient!to!segregate!sustainable!and!nonCsustainable!products,!especially!when!there!is!no!physical!difference.!In!the!MassCBalance!model!certified!and!conventional!products!are!mixed!but!as!they!move!through!the!supply!chain!an!exact!account! is!kept! about! the! volume! ratios.! MassCBalance! guarantees! that! the! amount! of! products! sourced!from!certified!producers!equals!the!amount!of!product!sold!to!consumers!under!this!certification!scheme.!

• ‘Area=Mass=Balance’:!The!same!as!the!above!but!for!a!defined!region!(jurisdiction).!This!model!is!currently!under!consideration!and!not!applied!yet.!!

• ‘Book=and=Claim’:!If!a!supply!chain!is!not!yet!thoroughly!organised!it!is!not!(yet)!possible!to!segregate!or!carefully!account!for!volumes.!The!BookCandCClaim!system,!the!physical!products!are!mixed!and!traded!as!nonCsustainable.!However,!manufacturers!and!retailers!can!buy!‘sustainability!certificates’!or!‘credits’!on!a!separate!online!market!from!certified!growers,!crushers!and!independent!smallholders.!The!sustainability!claims!by!brands!and!retailers!is!monitored!and!compared!to!amount!of!certificates!issued!and!traded.!

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2.2 State!of!sustainable!markets!

Sustainability!standards!not!only!address!social!and!environmental!issues!but!also!promote!better! agricultural! practise! aimed! to! enhance! efficiency,! farm! management! and! climate!change!adaptation.!On!the!consumer!side!it!helps!consumerCoriented!companies!to!ensure!themselves!about!the!sustainable!origin!of!the!commodity!and!communicate!on!aspects!of!sustainability! of! their! products.! Standards! provide! companies! along! supply! chain! the!opportunity!to!manage!supply!and!reputational!risks.!!Demand!for!certified!produce!is!still!growing!and!gaining!ground!on!conventional!produce.!Organic! is!by! far! the! largest!VSS!covering!more! than!50.9!million!hectares.! In!2015,!coffee!reached!24%!certified!of!its!global!area,!cocoa!16%,!palm!oil!15%!and!tea!14%!(Lernoud!et!al,!

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2017).! Demand! is! however! highly! concentrated! in!Western! countries.! Producer! countries’!domestic! market! and! the! huge! consumer! markets! in! China! and! India! are! less! concerned!about! certification.! For! example,! Fairtrade! retail! sales! in! 2015! were! 79%! in! Europe,! 16%!North!America,!3%!Oceania,!1%!Asia!and!1%!other!(Lernoud!et!al,!2017).!!Figure'1:'Trend'in'hectares'of'selected'certified'commodities.'

!Source:' Lernoud' Julia,' Jason' Potts,' Gregory' Sampson,' Salvador' Garibay,' Matthew' Lynch,'Vivek'Voora,'Helga'Willer' and' Joseph'Wozniak' (2017),' The' State'of' Sustainable'Markets' –'Statistics'and'Emerging'Trends'2017.'ITC,'Geneva.''

2.3 Overview!main!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!

Voluntary!standards!differ!considerably!in!their!focus,!requirements!and!level!of!detail.!Key!differences! between! standards! are! the! requirement! for! third! party! verification! and! the!certification!requirements.!Some!standards!require!full!compliance!with!all!criteria,!whereas!others! take! a! processCapproach! and! require! compliance! with! ‘critical’! criteria! and/or! a!certain! %! of! criteria! with! a! plan! to! address! the! nonCcompliance! criteria.! Because! of! the!diversity!in!and!between!standards!the!ISEAL!Alliance!was!established.!All!multiCstakeholder!sustainability!standards!can!become!a!member.!They!develop!general!norms,!standards!and!good! practices! with! the! goal! to! enhance! the! credibility! and! impact! of! standards.! ISEAL!supports! standards! to! measure! their! performance! by! building! strong! monitoring! and!evaluation!systems,!and!communicating!(longCterm)!impacts!to!stakeholders.!!!The! history! and! original! concern! also! determines! their! suitability! in! sufficiently! ensuring!deforestationCfree!supply!chains.!To!illustrate!the!history,!focus!and!variety!of!certification,!the!main! standards! on! cocoa,! palm! oil! and! soy! are! described! briefly.! Related! to! palm! oil!Indonesia! and! Malaysia! are! developing! their! own! government! controlled! mandatory!standards.!Because!they!are!not!voluntary!they!are!described!in!the!next!paragraph.!!The! main! standards! of! cocoa! in! terms! of! volume! are! UTZ! Certified,! Rainforest! Alliance,!Fairtrade!and!IFOAM!Organic.!The!main!standards!of!palm!oil!in!terms!of!volume!are:!RSPO,!ISCC,!IFOAM!Organic!and!Rainforest!Alliance.!The!main!standards!of!soy!in!terms!of!volume!are:! ProTerra,! RTRS,! IFOAM!Organic! and!maybe! also! ISCC! (volume!unknown)! (Potts! et! al.,!2014).!!

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Fairtrade!(17!products!incl.!cocoa)! The!first!Fairtrade!standard,!Max!Havelaar,!was!launched!in!1988!by!the!Dutch!organisation!Solidaridad!in!relation!to!coffee.!Fairtrade!International!(ISEAL!member),!founded!in!1997,!is!administered! by! FLO! International! and! was! designed! to! address! the! power! imbalance! in!trading!relationships,!unstable!markets!and!injustice!of!conventional!trade.!The!label!is!one!of!the!largest!worldCwide!(120!countries)!and!visible!on!the!endCproduct.!Fairtrade!is!thus!a!business!to!consumer!label.!Fairtrade!uses!the!supply!chain!models!of!“Identity!preserved”,!“Segregated”! and! “Mass! balance”.! Fairtrade! sets!minimum! prices! and! improved! terms! of!trade!for!farmers!with!the!aim!to!reduce!poverty.!In!addition!to!the!better!price!paid!for!the!product,! there! is!an!additional! sum!of!money! (Fairtrade!Premium)! that! farmers! receive! to!use! to! improve! their! social,! economic! and! environmental! conditions,! to! be! decided! on!democratically!by!producers!within! the! farmers’!organization,!or!by!a!workers’! committee!on!a!plantation.!There!are! thousands!of!products! that! carry! the!Fairtrade! label.!Currently,!there! are! 179,000! Fairtrade! cocoa! farmers! in! 20! countries! (but! mainly! in! Côte! d'Ivoire,!Ghana,!Peru,! the!Dominican!Republic! and!Ecuador).! In!2013C14! the!produced!volume!was!70,600!tonnes.3!In!2015,!certified!cocoa!production!covered!570,000!ha!(almost!6%!of!global!cocoa!area).!!In!2009,!Fairtrade!International!and!the!World!Fair!Trade!Organization!adopted!the!Charter!of!Fair!Trade!Principles,!which!are!predominately!social!in!nature.!In!terms!of!environmental!sustainability,!the!Charter!mentions!“continuous!improvement!of!the!environmental!impact!of! production! and! trade”.! The! parties! do! so! through! efficient! use! of! raw! materials! from!sustainable!sources,!reducing!the!use!of!energy!from!nonCrenewable!sources,!and!improving!waste!management.!The!adoption!of!organic!production!processes!in!agriculture!–!over!time!and!subject!to!local!conditions!–!is!also!encouraged.!!IFOAM!International!Federation!of!Organic!Agriculture!Movements!(soy,!palm!oil,!cocoa)!!

IFOAM!is!the!umbrella!organisation!of!800!affiliates!in!117!countries.!The!IFOAM!standard!is!an! internationally! applicable! organic! standard! that! can! be! used! directly! for! certification.!IFOAM!was!approached!but!declined!to!provide!feedback!and!asked!to!be!removed!from!the!analysis!provided!in!chapter!3.!Regarding!deforestation,!IFOAM!Organic!states!that!farming!areas!installed!on!land!that!has!been!obtained!by!clearing!of!High!Conservation!Value!Areas!in!the!preceding!5!years!shall!not!be!considered!compliant!with!this!standard.!IFOAM!does!not!provide!a!cutCoff!date!fixed!in!time!(IFOAM,!2014).!!International!Sustainability!&!Carbon!Certification!(all!types!of!agricultural,!forestry!and!other!raw!materials,!incl.!soy!and!palm!oil)!!ISCC!was!developed!through!an!open!multiCstakeholder!process!and!is!governed!by!the!ISCC!association! (ISCC! e.V.).! In! June! 2017,! the! ISCC! association! had! 90! members,! including!international! associations,! corporations,! research! institutions! and! NGOs! from! around! the!world.! ISCC! is! an! independent! multiCstakeholder! organisation! that! provides! a! globally!applicable! certification! system! for! the! sustainability! of! raw! materials! and! products,!traceability! through! the! supply! chain! and! the! determination! of! greenhouse! gas! emissions!and! savings.! ISCC! is! a! multiCfeedstock! system! and! covers! agricultural,! forestry! and!alternative! raw!materials.!Principle!1! is!about!zero!deforestation! i.e.!protection!of!primary!

3!https://www.fairtrade.net/products/cocoa.html!

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forests,!protected!areas,!peatC!and!wetlands,!high!carbon!stock!areas,!and!high!biodiversity!value!areas!(also!ISCC!PLUS!version!3!on!the!production!of!biomass).!!The! ISCC! certification! system! ensures! the! sustainability! of! raw!materials! and! products! for!various!markets,!including!bioenergy!(liquid!and!gaseous!biofuels!and!bioliquids),!food,!feed,!and!chemical/technical!markets.! ISCC! is!using!GRAS!–!Global!Risk!Assessment!Services!as!a!risk!management!tool!to!assess!land!use!change!and!other!land!related!sustainability!criteria!and!to!ensure!deforestationCfree!supply!chains.!ISCC!issues!over!14,000!certificates!in!total,!with!more!than!2,900!active,!by!June!2017!(www.isccCsystem.org,!2017).!!ISCC!operates!businessCtoCbusiness!and!uses!“Identity!Preserved”,!“Segregated”,!and!“MassCBalance”! as! traceability!models! (based! upon! the! Renewable! Energy!Directive).! ISCC! is! the!one! of! the! main! sustainability! certification! systems! used! for! biofuels! under! the! EU!Renewable! Energy! Directive! (mainly! palm! oil! used! for! biodiesel).! Cocoa! can! generally! be!certified!under!ISCC!but!until!now!no!cocoa!was!certified.!!ISCC!PLUS!certification!is!a!formal!declaration!of!reduction!of!Green!House!Gasses!(GHG)!and!consumables.! It! checks! the!sustainable! requirements,! the! traceability!and!mass!balance!of!all! the! system,! and! it! constitutes! an! added! value! in! order! to! demonstrate! to! clients! the!sustainability!of!their!products.!!ISO!–!International!Organisation!for!Standardisation!(cocoa)!ISO! develops! and! publishes! international! standards! (currently! 21,657)! that! provide!requirements,!specifications,!guidelines!or!characteristics!to!ensure!that!materials,!products,!processes!and! services!are! fit! for! their!purpose.!As! such! ISO! is!not!a! specific! sustainability!standard.!ISO!is!currently!developing!a!standard!on!cocoa.!!The! ISO!34101! series!on!Sustainable!and!Traceable!Cocoa!Beans!will! specify! requirements!for!a!management!system!of!farming!of!cocoa!beans!making!production!more!sustainable.!The! draft! versions! were! developed! in! a! multiCstakeholder! process. 4 !The! current! draft!standard! provides! requirements! for! protection! of! biodiversity! conservation! areas,! buffer!zones! and! wildlife! corridors! in! compliance! with! national! laws! (requirement! 4Ctable! 28).!Requirement!5Ctable28!states!‘the!organisation!shall!ensure!that!forest!trees!are!not!cut!or!burned!in!existing!farms!or!when!establishing!new!farms!(forest!trees!higher!than!15m)’!and!also!that!the!organisation!shall!ensure!that!cutting!trees!and/or!natural!vegetative!cover! is!avoided! on! lands! not! suitable! for! cocoa! production! (to! ensure! diversification).! This! is!however!not!an!entry!requirement.!Requirement!3Ctable!29,!demands!that!protection!of!the!ecosystems!should!be!ensured!that!provide!habitats!for!wildlife!living!on,!or!passing!through!the!farm.!The!standard!does!not!provide!a!cutCoff!date!for!deforestation.!Regarding!human!and! Indigenous! rights! ISO! refers! to! the!Universal!Declaration!of!Human!Rights! (1948)! and!other! conventions,! treaties! and! national! regulatory! or! statutory! requirements! (which!conventions,!treaties,!etc.!is!unclear).!The!Indigenous!and!Tribal!Peoples!Convention!(C169)!is!however!mentioned!in!the!bibliography!of!the!same!document.!!The' text' of' the' standard' is' still' under' development' and' therefore' ISO' asked' not' to' be'included'in'the'analysis'(next'chapter)'yet'and'to'wait'for'the'final'version'(end'2018).'!!!! 4!https://www.iso.org/news/2016/09/Ref1936.html!

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ProTerra!Certified!(soy)!!

Cert! ID!created!the!ProTerra!certification!standard! in!2006,!based!on!the!Basel!Criteria! for!Responsible!Soy!Production.!The!standard!includes!requirements!related!to!conservation!of!highCvalue! conservation! areas,! worker! welfare,! avoidance! of! certain! pesticides,! and!protection!of! traditional! land!uses.! The! Standard!and!all! IP! related! to!ProTerra!have!been!transferred!to!Stichting!ProTerra!Foundation,!founded!in!2012!in!The!Netherlands.!!For!certification!under!the!ProTerra!Standard!(v3.0),!areas!of!native!vegetation!and!other!high!conservation!value!areas!cannot!have!been!cleared!or!converted!into!agricultural!areas,!or!used!for!industrial!or!other!commercial!purposes,!after!2004,!in!particular!the!following:!

a) Primary!Forests!(for!instance,!rainforests)!b) Riparian!Vegetation!c) Wetlands!d) Swamps!e) Floodplains!f) Steep!slopes!g) Other!high!conservation!value!areas!as!defined!by!the!HCVA!Network.!

Guidance:!This!indicator!states!the!requirement!regarding!land!conversion!of!native!vegetation!and!HCVAs.!The!cutCoff!date!can!be!adjusted!for!specific!regions,!and!can!be!modified!to!include!compensatory!measures!for!certain!limited!periods.!However,!the!fundamental!principle!of!the!ProTerra!Standard!is!that!conversion!of!native!vegetation!and!HCVAs!is!not!allowed!(Principle!4.1!Land!conversion).!!ProTerra! operates! businessCtoCbusiness! and! businessCtoCconsumer! and,! uses! “Identity!Preserved”!and!“Segregatied”!as!traceability!models.!Drawing!from!established!markets!for!nonCGMO!products,!ProTerra!was!able!to!rapidly!bring!compliant!production!to!4.5!million!metric! tons! by! 2007.! Since! then,! certified! production! under! the! ProTerra! standard! has!remained!relatively!stable,!at!around!4!million!metric! tons! (Potts!et!al.,!2014).!All!certified!products! on! the! European! market! are! “Identity! preserved”,! meaning! full! traceability.! In!2015,!1.8!million!ha!were!certified!of!which!1.78!million!ha!in!Brazil!(Lernoud!et!al!,!2017).!!Rainforest!Alliance!–!Sustainable!Agriculture!Network!(incl.!soy,!palm!oil,!cocoa)!!

The!overarching!goal!of!the!Rainforest!Alliance!(RA)!is!to!safeguard!the!health!of!forests!and!communities.! Halting! deforestation! is! one! of! the!main! goals.! RA’s! mission! is! to! conserve!biodiversity!and!ensure!sustainable!livelihoods!by!transforming!landCuse!practices,!business!practices!and!consumer!behaviour.!RA!works!together!with!indigenous!forest!communities,!governments!and!companies!committed!to!responsible!sourcing.!RA!is!a!consumerClabel!and!visible!on!the!endCproduct!and!uses!“Identity!Preserved”,!“Segregated”!and!“Mass!Balance”!models.! In! 2016,! the! UK! retailer! TESCO! pledged! to! source! all! cocoa! for! its! UK! own! label!chocolate! from! RA! certified! producers.! RA! provided! training! to! 1.2! million! farmers! to!minimize! their! environmental! impacts,!while! earning! stable! incomes.! This!may! earn! them!certification! through! the! Sustainable! Agriculture! Network! (SAN)! standard,! which! was! coCfounded! by! RA.! 16! million! ha! of! land! are! managed! sustainably! with! Rainforest! Alliance!certification.! In!addition,!RA!and!partners!have!helped!prevent! the!deforestation!of!nearly!4.4!million!hectares!of!highCrisk!landscapes!and!forest!frontiers.5!In!2015,!certified!cocoa!was!produced!on!738,000!ha!of!which!456,000!ha!in!Côte!d’Ivoire.!RA!also!certified!50,000!ha!of!palm!oil!but!no!soy! (Lernoud!et!al,!2017).!SAN’s!standard!actively!promotes!climate!smart!agriculture!and!improves!the!resilience!of!farms!and!farming!communities!by:!

5!http://www.RainforestCalliance.org/issues/forests!

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• Protecting!native!ecosystems!and!onCfarm!biodiversity;!• Avoiding!deforestation;!• Maintaining!healthy!soils;!• Sustaining!water!resources;!and!• Guiding!farmers!to!select!and!adopt!climateCsmart!planting!materials!and!farming!

practices.!!

In!addition,!the!SAN!standard!seeks!to!reduce!the!greenhouse!gas!emissions!of!agriculture!associated! with! the! use! of! energy,! fertilizers,! pesticides,! and! methane! emissions,! while!maintaining! or! enhancing! carbon! stocks! in! soils,! forests,! and! other! onCfarm! vegetation.! In!this!way,!the!SAN!standard!promotes!the!three!pillars!of!climate!smart!agriculture:!!

• Sustainably!increasing!agricultural!productivity!and!incomes;!• Adapting!and!building!resilience!to!climate!change;!and!• Reducing!or!removing!greenhouse!gas!emissions,!where!possible.!

!RSPO!Roundtable!for!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!(palm!oil)!! Established! in! 2004,! the! Roundtable! on! Sustainable! Palm! Oil! (RSPO)! is! a! global! multiCstakeholder! initiative! with! more! than! 3,000! members! worldwide! who! represent! all! links!along!the!palm!oil!supply!chain,!and!who!are!committed!to!produce,!source!or!use!Certified!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!(CSPO).!In!2015,!almost!12.9!million!metric!tons!and!3.5!million!ha!of!oil!palm!were!RSPOCcertified,!representing!18.5%!of!global!oil!palm!area!(Lernoud!et!al,!2017).!RSPO! is! the! first! VSS! to! provide! transparent! information! about! its! certified! producers!through! the!Global! Forest!Watch! commodities! platform.! RSPO! is! an! ISEAL!member.! RSPO!members! include! plantation! companies,! processors! and! traders,! consumer! goods!manufacturers!and!retailers!of!palm!oil!products,!financial!institutions,!environmental!NGOs!and! social! NGOs,! to! develop! and! implement! global! standards! for! sustainable! palm! oil.!RSPO’s!vision!is!to!“transform!the!markets!by!making!sustainable!palm!oil!the!norm”.!It!does!so! by! advancing! the! production,! procurement,! finance! and! use! of! sustainable! palm! oil!products;! developing,! implementing,! verifying,! and!periodically! reviewing! global! standards!for!the!entire!supply!chain!of!sustainable!palm!oil.!!The! current! Principles! &! Criteria! (2013)! aim! to! preserve! rare,! threatened! or! endangered!species! and! other! high! conservation! value! areas! (5.1).! Regarding! the! responsible!development!of!new!plantings,!principle!7.3!states!that!after!November!2005!(cut!off!date)!new!planting!may!not! replace!primary! forest!or!any!area!required!to!maintain!or!enhance!one! or! more! High! Conservation! Values.! This! also! includes! areas! required! by! affected!communities! to!meet! their! basic! needs! (to! be! incorporated! in!management! plans).! These!Principles!and!Criteria!are!being!review!and!the!new!version!is!expected!end!2018.!!RSPO! operates! businessCtoCbusiness! and! businessCtoCconsumer! and! uses! “Identity!Preserved”,! “Segregated”,! “MassCBalance”! and! “BookCandCClaim”! as! traceability! models.!Under! the! BookCandCClaim! model,! RSPO! certified! producers! can! sell! certified! sustainable!palm!oil! (CSPO)!credits!or!certified!sustainable!palm!kernel!oil!and!expeller! (CSPKO/CSPKE)!credits.! Smallholders! can! sell! certified! Fresh!Fruit!Bunches! (FFB)! to! certified!mills!or!when!they! are! independent,! sell! Independent! Smallholder! (IS)! credits.! RSPO!has! also! developed!the!RSPO!Supply!Chain!Standard,!which!describes!the!requirements!related!to!the!control!of!RSPO!certified!palm,!palm!derivatives!and!palm!products!along! the!supply!chain,! including!flows! of!material! and! associated! claims.! RSPO! has! developed! a! set! of! environmental! and!social!criteria!that!companies!must!comply!with! in!order!to!produce!CSPO.!When!properly!applied,! they! can! help! to! minimize! the! negative! impact! of! palm! oil! cultivation! on! the!

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environment!and!communities!in!palm!oilCproducing!regions.!Accredited,!independent!third!party,!certification!bodies!conduct!the!audits.!!!RSPO!NEXT!was!launched!in!2015!and!is!a!voluntary!commitment!in!addition!to!the!existing!principles.! RSPO! NEXT! is! a! voluntary! effort! by! RSPO! certified! member! companies,! which!have! voluntary! policies,! commitments! and! actions! that! exceed! the! standard.! The!components!of!RSPO!NEXT!include:!no!deforestation;!no!fire;!no!planting!on!peat;!reduction!of! GHGs;! respect! for! human! rights;! and! transparency.! There! are! indicators! that! can! be!audited!for!compliance.!!RTRS!Roundtable!on!Responsible!Soy!(soy)!!

The!first!RTRS!certified!soy!produce!was!sold!in!2011!to!companies!in!Europe.!In!2016,!RTRS!certified!production!reached!3!million!metric!tons!(29%!increase!from!2015)!and!more!than!50! companies! bought! RTRS! certified! soy! including! companies! from! signatory! countries!Denmark,!France,!Germany,!the!Netherlands,!and!United!Kingdom!(RTRS,!2016).!!The! objectives! of! RTRS! are! to! promote! the! growth! on! production,! trade,! and! use! of!responsible!soy!through!cooperation!with!actors!in!and!relevant!to!the!soy!value!chain!from!production! to! consumption! in! an! open! dialogue! with! stakeholders! including! producers,!suppliers,!manufacturers,!retailers,!financial!institutions,!civil!society!organizations!and!other!relevant!actors.!In!particular,!RTRS!facilitates!a!global!dialogue!on!responsible!soy:!!

• As!a!forum!to!discuss!and!develop!solutions,!aiming!to!reach!consensus,!on!the!key!economic,!social!and!environmental!impacts!of!soy!among!the!various!stakeholders;!!

• By!communicating!issues!regarding!responsible!soy!production,!processing,!trading,!and!use!in!commercial!products,!and!consumption!to!a!wide!range!of!global!stakeholders;!!

• As!a!forum!for!developing!and!promoting!definitions!for!responsible!soy!production,!proCcessing,!trading!and!consumption!with!criteria!that!addresses!economic,!social!and!environmental!issues!embodied!in!RTRS!Standards!through!its!Principles,!Criteria,!Indicators,!and!Verification!&!Accreditation!System;!!

• By!mobilizing!participants!to!the!multi!stakeholder!process;!!• By!organizing!round!table!conferences!and!technical!workshops;!!• As!a!recognized!international!forum!monitoring!the!status!of!responsible!

production,!processing,!trading!and!consumption!of!soy.!RTRS! is! a! transparent! multiCstakeholder! initiative! that! shares! its! findings! and! conclusions!developed! in! RTRS! Standards! (version! 3)! through! its! Principles,! Criteria,! Indicators! and!Verification!&!Accreditation!System!with!members!and!nonCmembers!(RTRS!2010,!2016).!!!Principle!4.4!requires!expansion!of!soy!cultivation!is!responsible!and!has!not!taken!place!on!land!cleared!of!native!habitats!after!May!2009.!Expansion! in!native! forests! is!not!allowed,!Exceptions! to! expansion! in! other! native! habitats! are! allowed! if! it! is! line! with! an! RTRSCapproved!map!and!system,!or!in!line!with!official!ecologicalCeconomic!zoning!and!expansion!only! occurs! outside! priority! areas! for! conservation! (or! HCVA).! Also! onCfarm! biodiversity!needs!to!be!maintained!and!safeguarded!through!the!preservation!of!native!vegetation!and!no!hunting!of!rare,!threatened!or!endangered!species!is!allowed!(P4.5).!!RTRS!operates!business!to!business!and!uses:!a)!“book!and!claim!system”!(the!RTRS!trading!platform! for! RTRS! credits);! b)! “MassCBalance! traceability! model;! and! also! has! a!“Segregation”!system!for! future!potential!market!opportunities.!RTRS!also!has!a!nonCGMO!annex! for! ChainCofCCustody! certification.! RTRS! certified! almost! 734,977! ha! in! 2015!

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representing! 0.6%! of! global! soybean! area,! 10,800! producers! and! 2.3! million! metric! tons.!Brazil!had!431,238!RTRS!certified!area! followed!by!Argentina! (211,600!ha).! In! comparison,!the!United!States!only!had!5,881!ha!RTRSCcertified.!!UTZ!Certified!(cocoa,!coffee,!hazelnuts,!tea)! The!mission! of!UTZ! Certified! (ISEAL!member),! founded! in! 2002! in! relation! to! coffee,! is! to!create! a! world! where! sustainable! farming! is! the! norm.! According! to! UTZ:! “sustainable!farming!helps!farmers,!workers!and!their!families!to!fulfil!their!ambitions!and!contributes!to!safeguard! the! world’s! resources,! now! and! in! the! future”.! UTZ! also! developed! the! UTZ!traceability!system!for!RSPO!(palm!oil).!The!UTZ!label!is!a!consumerClabel!and!visible!on!the!endCproduct.!UTZ!uses!“Identity!Preserved”!and!‘Segregated”!models!of!traceability.!UTZ!is!currently! the! largest! certification! programme! for! cocoa! with! more! than! 465,000! cocoa!farmers!in!19!countries.!Since!2009,!enough!cocoa!has!been!sold!as!UTZ!certified!to!make!35!billion!chocolate!bars!of!100!grams.!In!2015,!UTZCcertified!cocoa!was!grown!on!1.5!million!ha!representing! almost! 15%! of! global! cocoa! area.! Côte! d’Ivoire! had! 827,473! ha! and! Ghana!298,000!ha!(Lernoud!et!al,!2017).!UTZ!certified!cocoa!products!are!available!in!134!countries!worldwide,! and! five! of! the! top! ten! chocolate! manufacturers,! including! Nestlé,! Ferrero,!Hershey!and!Mars!have!committed! to!buy!100%!certified!cocoa.! In! terms!of!environment,!UTZ!has! a!wide! range!of! requirements! aimed!at! safeguarding!nature,!biodiversity! and! the!climate.6!!Farmers!are!trained!to:!• Respect!protected!areas,!plant!and!animal!life!and!water!sources;!• Prevent!deforestation!and!plant!shade!trees;!• Optimize!and!reduce!the!use!of!artificial!fertilisers!and!pesticides;!• Efficient!waste!collection,!processing!and!recycling;!• Use!energy!carefully!and!encourage!the!use!of!sustainable!energy!sources.!!The!UTZ!2015!core!Code!of!Conduct!(Block!D,!ID213)!and!guidance!on!nature!protection!(v1,!2016)!requires!no!deforestation!and!safeguarding!protected!areas!and!endangered!species.!UTZ!requires!demonstration!that!no!deforestation!or!primary!forest!has!taken!place!since!2008!and!that!no!deforestation!of!secondary!forest!takes!place.!Unless!a!legal!land!title!and/or!a!land!owner!permission!and/or!customary!land!rights!and!government!permits!have!been!obtained!for!deforestation!of!secondary!forest!and!there!is!compensation!with!reforestation!activities!of!at!least!equal!ecological!value.!!Box!1:!Merger!of!Rainforest!Alliance!and!UTZ.!!On!6!June!2017,!Rainforest!Alliance!and!UTZ!announced!they!will!merge!and!form!a!single!agricultural!sustainability!standard,!named!Rainforest!Alliance.!The!intention!is!to!merge!later!in!2017.!The!future!Rainforest!Alliance!standard!will!use!the!frameworks!of!the!current!Sustainable!Agriculture!Network!(SAN)! and! UTZ! standards,! to! address! social! and! environmental! issues,! including! climate! change,!deforestation,! poverty! and!unsustainable! farming.! Through!partnership,! the! new! standard!will! also!aim!to!ensure!the!conservation!of!entire!landscapes!in!selected!priority!regions.!Source:!http://www.rainforestCalliance.org/article/rainforestCallianceCutzCmerger!!

2.4 GovernmentAled!schemes!ISPO!and!MSPO!

In! addition! to! the! described! voluntary! (often! multiCstakeholder)! certification! standards!described! earlier! the! governments! of! Malaysia! and! Indonesia! also! developed! national!mandatory!standards:!

6!https://utz.org/whoCweCare/aboutCutz/betterCenvironment/!

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!ISPO!–!Indonesian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!The!ISPO!(Indonesian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!Certification!System)!standard!was!developed!and!introduced! in! 2011! by! the! Government! of! Indonesia! to! ensure! that! Indonesian! oil! palm!growers! conform! to! existing! Indonesian! laws,! including! plantation,! environmental! and!manpower!laws.!The!basis!is!to!consolidate!existing!Indonesian!laws!and!!is!mandatory!for!all!oil!palm!growers,! from!large!plantation!companies!to!smallholders,!although!requirements!vary! for! each! (Efeca,! 2016).! ISPO! is! thus! not! a! voluntary! sustainability! standard! but! a!governmentCled,!mandatory!standard!and!is!sometimes!referred!to!as!a! ‘legality!standard’.!Because! many! smallholders! are! not! fully! legal! compliant! or! certified,! it! is! a! relevant!development! towards! sustainable! palm! oil! production.! ISPO! is! currently! revising! its!accreditation! process! whereby! an! independent! Certification! Body! decides! whether! a!certificate!is!issued.!Complaint!processes!and!audit!findings!are!not!publicly!available!yet.!!The!Government!of!Indonesia!(GoI)!presented!the!following!information!to!the!ADCGroup7:!!

Currently,!264!companies!are!ISPOCcertified.!The!GOI!in!conjunction!with!the!UNDP!launched! a! new! initiative! in! 2015! called! FoKSBI:! Indonesian! Sustainable! Palm! Oil!Platform.! FoKSBI! is! a! governmentCled! multiCstakeholder! platform,! consisting! of!government! institutes,! companies,! civil! society! organisations! (incl.! CIFOR,!Greenpeace,!RSPO,!Sawit!Watch,!SPKS!smallholders,!TNC,!WWF)!and!development!partners!(incl.!Solidaridad).8!The!FoKSBI!Steering!Committee!consists!of!the!Ministry!of!Agriculture,!Ministry!of!Environment!&!Forestry,!Bappenas,!Coordinating!Ministry!of!Economy,!National!Land!Agency,!Indonesian!Palm!Oil!Board,!Indonesian!Palm!Oil!Association!(GAPKI)!and!the!UNDP.!FoKSBI!is!preparing!the!National!Action!Plan!for!Sustainable! Palm! Oil! 2018C2023.! The! draft! will! be! ready! end! 2017! after! public!consultations!undertaken!in!Sumatra,!Riau!and!WestCKalimantan!and!internationally!as!well.!The!plan!is!also!published!on!the!website!for!comments.!The!main!elements!of!the!plan!are:!1. Capacity!building!smallholders;!2. Environment!management;!3. Governance!and!conflict!mediation;!4. ISPO!Market!Access!Implementation! of! the! National! Action! Plan! will! allow! for! regional! differences.!Provincial!multiCstakeholder!platforms!and!districtClevel!forums!will!be!installed!that!will!guide!NAP!implementation!in!the!province.!

!Indonesia!also!established!an!Indonesian!Palm!Oil!Plantation!Fund!Management!Agency.!!This!is!a!government!entity!under!the!Ministry!of!Finance.!It!will!be!funded!through!a!levy!on!exported!crude!palm!oil,!and!maybe!funds!from!financing!agencies.!The!Fund!will!support:!

1. Palm!oil!development!and!downstream!product!development!(financing!support!for!the!use!of!20%!biodiesel!in!Indonesia;!

2. Replanting!and!estate!infrastructures;!3. Human! resource!development! (scholarships! and! training! for! farmers! and! their!

children);!4. Research!and!development!(funding!research!to!increase!productivity);!5. Promotion! and! Partnership! (positive! campaigns! and! diplomacy! both! domestic!

and!overseas).!The!palm!oil!fund!will!support!land!titling!of!smallholder!so!they!can!qualify!for!ISPO.!

7!Presentation!to!the!ADCGroup!on!23!June!2017!in!Bonn,!Germany.!8!http://www.foksbi.id/id/anggotaCdanCpesertaCinpop!

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!ISPO!does!not!use!the!concept!of!High!Conservation!Value!Areas!or!High!Carbon!Stock!Areas!like!some!other!standards.!Conservation!is!based!upon!Indonesian!law.!ISPO!does!not!use!a!cutCoff! date! so! legal! deforestation! is! allowed.! Since! 2011,! there! is! a! moratorium! on! the!award!of!new!licenses!for!plantation!development!in!primary!natural!forests!and!peat!lands.!Legal! deforestation! of! existing! concessions! is! possible! and! there! are! some! uncertainties!regarding!the!Indicative!Moratorium!Map!(which!includes!28.4!million!ha!of!primary!forest!and! 14.9! million! ha! of! peat! lands).9!Forests! may! be! cleared! if! the! land! is! destined! for!agriculture! (spatial! planning! law),! an! impact! assessment! has! been! conducted! and!government!issued/issues!a!permit.!Indonesia!has!a!policy!focusing!on!peatland!restoration!(incl.!a!Peatland!Restoration!Agency)!and!forest!fire!management.!The!GoI!–!in!collaboration!with! local! governments! C! obliges! landCbased! companies! to! prepare! Standard! Operating!Procedures!(SOP)!to!prevent!forest!fires!and!villagers!from!land!clearing!using!fire.!!!Because!ISPO!is!based!upon!Indonesian!law,!the!current!legislation,!Presidential!instructions!and!law!enforcement!are!very!relevant.!It!goes!beyond!the!scope!of!this!study!to!describe!all!relevant! Indonesian! law.!A!recent!analysis!by!CIFOR!(2017)!shows!that! there!was/is!strong!(political)! opposition! in! Indonesia! to! zero! deforestation! (e.g.! as! expressed! by! IPOP,! the!Indonesian! Palm! Oil! Pledge! by! six! companies! in! 2014! and!which! stopped! in! 2016! due! to!strong! opposition).! Legality! without! governance! and! enforcement! means! little.! There! are!overlaps!in!concessions,! inconsistencies!in!the!allocation!of!permits!and!operations!outside!legal! boundaries.! In!many! regions! the! rights! of! the! land! are! contested! between! the! state!government!and! local!people! resulting! in!an!unclear! land!rights!situation! (clear! land!rights!are! needed! before! certification! can! be! granted! to! e.g.! smallholders).! The! CIFOR! report!concludes:!“Our!survey!was!straightforward!and!underlined!that!political!and!legal!barriers!are!mainly! responsible! for! the!slow!progress! toward!sustainability!as!opposed!to! technical!challenges! or! adverse! economic! consequences! for! the! country.! This! is! reflected! in! two!prominent!examples.!First,!is!the!ambiguous!status!of!setCasides!based!on!HCV!assessments!(the! high! carbon! stock! approach! remains! out! of! reach! in! current! political! circumstances).!Second,! law! enforcement! is! an! absolute! prerequisite! for! major! progress! toward!sustainability,!notably!with! the!regularization!of! tenure!rights!of! smallC!and!mediumC!sized!producers,! in!order!to!increase!the!confidence!of!markets! in!the!sustainability!of!upstream!suppliers.! Law! enforcement!will! also! require,! as! a! preliminary! step,! the! finalization! of! the!One!Map!approach!to!clarify!legal!concession!boundaries!and!to!prevent!the!proliferation!of!company!operations!without!proper!permits!and!oversight.“!!The! ISPO! standard! is! currently! being! reformulated! and! the! new! version! is! expected! end!2018.!!MSPO!–!Malaysian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!The!Malaysian!Sustainable!Palm!Oil! (MSPO)!Certification!Scheme! is! the!national!scheme! in!Malaysia! for! oil! palm! plantations,! independent! and! organised! smallholdings,! and! palm! oil!processing! facilities! to! be! certified! against! the! requirements! of! the!MSPO! Standards.!! The!MSPO!Certification!Scheme!allows! for!oil!palm!management!certification!and!supply!chain!certification!and!provides!for:!

• Development!of!certification!standards!• Accreditation!requirements!and!notification!of!certification!bodies!• Application!by!potential!clients!for!certification!audits!• Supply!chain!traceability!requirements!

9!http://www.wri.org/publication/indonesiasCmoratoriumCnewCforestCconcessions!

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• Guidelines!for!auditing!• Peer!reviewing!of!audit!reports!• Issuance!of!logo!usage!licenses!• Procedures!for!handling!of!complaints.!

!!The!MSPO!Certification!Scheme!was! implemented!since! January!2015!on!a!voluntary!basis!and! is! to!be! implemented!on!a!mandatory!basis!by!December!2019,!as!per! the!Malaysian!government’s!decision.!!Plantation!companies!that!are!already!RSPOCcertified!have!to!obtain!MSPO!certification!by!31!December!2018.!!Other!companies!without!RSPO!certification!will!have! to! obtain! MSPO! certification! by! 30! June! 2019.!! Smallholders! C! independent! and!organized!C!need!to!get!their!MSPO!certification!by!31!December!2019.!!!!To! spur! the! uptake! of!MSPO! certification,! the!Malaysian! government! has!made! available!financial!assistance!to!smallholders,!growers!and!processing!facilities.!!This!is!a!pledge!by!the!government!to!facilitate!the!implementation!of!MSPO!certification!and!help!reduce!the!cost!of!obtaining!MSPO!certification.!!MSPO!will!be!implemented!nationwide!and!the!ambition!is!that!Malaysian!palm!oil!will!become!sustainable,!healthy!and!safe.!!!MPOCC'='Malaysian'Palm'Oil'Certification'Council'To! support! the! development! and! implementation! of! the!MSPO! Certification! Scheme,! the!Malaysian!Palm!Oil!Certification!Council! (MPOCC) 10,!was!established! in!2014.!!MPOCC!has!been! established! as! an! independent! nonCprofit! organisation! incorporated! as! a! company!under! the! Malaysian! Companies! Act,! 1965.! The! Malaysian! Palm! Oil! Certification! Council!(MPOCC)! is! responsible! to! develop! and! operate! the! MSPO! Certification! Scheme! since! it!began! operations! in! October! 2015.!! MPOCC! is! governed! by! a! Board! of! Trustees! with!representation!of! industry,!government,!academia,! research!and!development! institutions,!nonCgovernmental!organisation,!smallholder’s!organisation!and!civil!society.!!MSPO'Standards'The!MSPO! Standards! (MS! 2530:2013! series)! used! currently! under! the!MSPO! Certification!Scheme! was! developed! based! on! domestic! laws! and! regulations,! and! best! practices! on!sustainability.!!Inputs!from!representatives!of!various!palm!oil!interest!groups!were!taken!on!board! in! the! development! of! the! MSPO! Standards.! The! MSPO! Standards! stipulates! the!general!principles!on!certification!requirements! for!oil!palm!smallholdings,!plantations!and!palm! oil! processing! facilities! to! ensure! that! the! palm! oil! products! are! produced! in! a!responsible! and! sustainable! manner.!! The! MSPO! Standards! can! be! purchased! from! the!Department!of!Standards!Malaysia.11!!!The!MSPO!Standards!contains!seven!(7)!principles!which!form!the!general!requirements!of!a!management! system! framework! i.e.! economically! viable,! socially! acceptable,! and!environmentally!sound.!The!general!requirements!are!(MS2530,!2013):!!!

• Principle!1:!Management!commitment!and!responsibility!• Principle!2:!Transparency!• Principle!3:!Compliance!to!legal!requirements!• Principle!4:!Social!responsibility,!health,!safety!and!employment!conditions!• Principle!5:!Environment,!natural!resources,!biodiversity!and!ecosystem!services!

10!https://www.mpocc.org.my!11!https://www.msonline.gov.my/default.php!

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• Principle!6:!Best!practices!• Principle!7:!Development!of!new!planting!

!Principle!5!includes12:!

• Environmental!Management!Plan!(EMP)!in!place.!• Efficiency!of!energy!use!and!use!of!renewable!energy.!• Reduction!of!pollution!and!emission!including!greenhouse!gases.!• Water!management!plan!to!maintain!the!quality!and!availability!of!water!resources.!• Identification! of! high! biodiversity! value! areas! and! rare,! threatened! or! endangered!

ecosystems!or!species.!• Zero!burning!practices!for!waste!disposal!and!land!preparation.!

The! Standard!MS2530:! 2013! series! states! that! oil! palm! shall! not! be! planted! on! land!with!High!Biodiversity!Value!unless!it!is!carried!out!in!compliance!with!the!National!and/or!State!Biodiversity! Legislation.!High!Biodiversity!Value! land! is!defined!as! land! that!has!one!of! the!following!status:!

a) Primary!forest!b) Areas!designated!by!law!or!by!the!relevant!competent!authority!to!serve!the!

purpose!of!nature!protection!c) Areas!for!the!protection!of!rare,!threatened!or!endangered!ecosystems!or!species!

recognised!by!international!agreements!or!included!in!lists!drawn!up!by!intergovernmental!organisations.!

MSPO!allows!legal!deforestation!of!areas!that!do!not!have!the!aboveCmentioned!status.!!MSPO'Certification'process'Each!of!the!seven!Principles!have!specific!Criteria!and!Indicators!that!the!Certification!Bodies!(CBs)!will! use!during! audit! to!determine! compliance.! !!The!management!of! the!entity! that!meets!the!requirements!of!the!MSPO!will!be!able!to!obtain!certification!under!the!standard.!!The!draft!MSPO!Supply!Chain!Certification!Standard!developed!through!a!multiCstakeholder!process! via! the! Technical! Working! Committee! on! MSPO! Standards! is! now! in! the!consultation!process!(29!August!to!28!October!2017).!This!draft!standard!uses!the!supply!chain! segregation! and! mass! balance! models.! The! grievance! mechanism! is! linked! to! the!certified!organisation!but!MPOCC!also!has!dispute!resolution!procedures.!!!The!MSPO!Scheme!requires!certification!by!third!party! independent!Certification!Bodies!(CB).! The! client! applies! to! a! CB! to! conduct! an! audit! against! the! applicable!MS!2530:2013!Standard! to! ascertain! its! compliance! with! the! certification! requirements.! The!auditreport! is! subjected! to! a! peer! review! process,! which! is! only! applicable! for! oil! palm!management! certification.!! The! client! is! eligible! for! the! award! of! the! certificate! of!compliance!with!the!respective!MSPO!Standard!or!in!the!case!of!a!recertification!audit,!the!renewal!of!the!certificate,!if!no!major!nonconformities!are!issued!by!the!CB.!The!CB!needs!to!provide!public! access! to,!or!provide!upon! request,! the!established! internal!procedures! for!auditing!and!certification!information!describing!the!auditing!and!certification!processes!for!the!granting,!maintaining!of! certification,!expanding!or! reducing! the!scope!of! certification,!renewing,!suspending!or!restoring,!or!withdrawing!of!certification.!!The!auditing!procedures!fulfills! the! requirements! of! ISO! (ISO/IEC! 17021:2015! for! oil! palm! management!certification;! and! ISO/IEC! 17065:2012! for! supply! chain! certification).!! The! CB! informs!MPOCC! of! all! the! certificates! that! it! has! issued,! and! changes! concerning! the! validity! and!

12!https://www.mpocc.org.my/partC3CplantationsCorganisedCsmallh!

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scope!of!these!certificates.!!For!oil!palm!management!certification,!a!summary!of!the!audit!report,! including! a! summary! of! findings! on! the! auditee’s! conformity! against! the! oil! palm!management!certification!standard,!written!by! the!CB,! is!made!available! to! the!public! in!a!timely!manner.!!Finally,! the!maximum!period! for! the!surveillance!audit! is!one!year!and! for!the!recertification!audit!is!five!(5)!years.!!!

2.5 Consumer!Goods!Forum!and!FEFAC!

Various! commodityCrelevant! companies! –! including! several! from! the! ADCcountries! C! have!signed! the! New! York! Declaration! on! Forests,! whereby! they! amongst! others! commit! to! at!least!halve!the!rate!of!loss!of!natural!forests!globally!by!2020!and!strive!to!end!natural!forest!loss!by!2030.!!

Consumer!Goods!Forum!(CGF)!The! Consumer!Goods! Forum! is! a! global! industry! network! of! 400! retailers,!manufacturers,!service! providers! and! other! stakeholders! across! 70! countries.! In! 2010,! the! CGF! issued! a!resolution! on! deforestation! with! the! aim! of! achieving! zero! net! deforestation! by! 2020!pledge.13!The! Consumer! Goods! Forum! (CGF)! has! pledged! to!mobilise! resources! among! its!business!members!to!help!achieve!zero!net!deforestation!by!2020,!asking!companies!not!to!source!agricultural!commodities!from!land!that!has!a!High!Conservation!Value!(HCV)!and!/!or!High!Carbon!Stock!(HCS).!One!of!the!responses!was!to!establish!to!Tropical!Forest!Alliance!2020.!The!CGF!has!also!created!working!groups!on!Beef,!Palm!oil,!Paper!&!Pulp!and!Soy.!The!CGF! published! Paper,! Pulp! and! Packaging! Sourcing! Guidelines! as! well! as! Sustainable! Soy!Sourcing!Guidelines!(GCF,!n.d.).!!!In! 2013,! the! CGF! launched! the! soft! commodities! compact! with! the! Banking! Environment!Initiative.14!The! aim! is! to! align! banking! sector! with! the! zeroCdeforestation! commitment.!Partner! banks! commit! to! financing! the! transformation! of! supply! chains! and! to! raising!industryCwide! banking! standards!with! reference! to! RSPO! (palm! oil),! FSC! (timber,! paper! &!pulp)!and!RTRS!(soy).!!FEFAC!Soy!Sourcing!Guidelines!Soy! is!mainly! imported!to! the!European!market! for! the! food!&!feed! industry.!The!EU!feed!industry!is!responsible!for!158!million!tonnes!of!feedstuffs!consumed!by!farm!animals!in!the!EU! each! year! (total! is! 480! million! tonnes)! with! an! estimated! turnover! of! €50! billion.15!Germany,!Spain!and!France!are!the!main!countries!in!compound!feed!production.!European!Feed!Manufacturers!are!organised!in!a!federation!called!FEFAC,!which!has!published!a!2030!Animal!Feed!Industry!Vision!and!the!Soy!Sourcing!Guidelines16.!FEFAC!states!hat!the!future!of! livestock! farming! can! only! be! sustainable! when! dealing! with! the! challenge! of! climate!change.!Sustainability!includes!responsible!sourcing!through!the!Soy!Sourcing!Guidelines.!!The! guidelines! are! a! benchmark! system! to! provide! transparency! regarding! certification!standards.! The! Guidelines! contain! basic! criteria! and! legal! compliance! is! the! basis! for!responsible! soy! production.! According! to! a! recent! German! study! (Thunen,! 2017)! the!minimum!legal!requirement!does!not!ensure!compliance!with!the!deforestation!goal!of!the! 13!http://www.theconsumergoodsforum.com/sustainabilityCstrategicCfocus/sustainabilityCresolutions/deforestationCresolution!14!https://www.cisl.cam.ac.uk/businessCaction/sustainableCfinance/bankingCenvironmentCinitiative/pdfs/theCbeiCandCcgfsCsoftCcommoditiesCcompact.pdf!15!FEFAC!Annual!Report!2015C2016!and!2016C2017!16!http://www.fefac.eu/file.pdf?FileID=65744!

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Amsterdam!Declaration!because!legal!deforestation!is!allowed.!Benchmarking!is!conducted!by! ITC! and! published! on! a!website.! The! standards! considered! in! compliance!with! the! Soy!Sourcing! Guideline! are:! RTRS,! ISCC,! ProTerra,! CEFETRA! CRS,! SSAP,! USSEC,! Agricultura!Certificada,!China!GAP,!Chinese!National!Organic!Products!Certification!Program,!as!well!as!the! companyCrelated! standards! ADM! Responsible! Soy,! Amaggi! Responsible! Soy! Standard!(ARSS),! Bemefa,! Cargill! Triple! S,! ProCS!Bunge,!Unilever! Sustainable!Agriculture!Code.!A! full!comparison!and!benchmarking!can!be!found!at:!www.standardsmap.org/fefac.!According!to!FEFAC!feed!companies!used!over!5!million!tonnes!of!soy!in!compliance!with!the!guidelines!in!2015.!This!relates!to!3%!of!the!total!volume!in!2015.!!In!May!2016,!the!Consumer!Goods!Forum!(CGF)!recommended!to!use!the!soy!programmes!that!are!positively!benchmarked!by!ITC!to!ensure!that!the!purchased!soy!does!not!come!from!illegally!deforested!land.!FEFAC!allows!legal!deforestation.!FEFAC!considers!the!guidelines!as!means!to!zeroCnet!deforestation17!but!has!not!stated!an!ambition!or!target!related!to!deforestation.!

17!FEFAC!Annual!Report!2016C2017!

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3 The!analysis!

3.1 Relevant!certification!standards!and!deforestationAfree!

This! study! does! not! intend! to! provide! a! full! analysis! of! all! certification! standards! but! is!conducted!to!analysis!their!relevance!for!the!ADCgoals.!Therefore,!the!analysis!is!conducted!using! policyCrelevant! criteria! from! the! perspective! of! the! signatory! countries! and! the! goal!and! ambitions! of! the! Amsterdam! Declarations.! They! often! relate! to! concerns! like!deforestation,!involuntary!resettlement,!grievance!mechanism,!rights!of!indigenous!peoples,!benefits!for!communities,!food!security,!etc.!The!analysis!does!not!provide!a!full!overview!of!all!principles!and!criteria!of!a!scheme!nor!does!it!evaluate!the!extent!or!quality.!!Selection!of!relevant!certification!standards!The! current! report! does! not! analyse! all! available! standards! but! provides! a! selection.! The!main!selection!criteria!used!were:!! The!main!certification!standards!in!volume.!Or,!if!this!information!was!not!available!some!

wellCknown!standards!and!private!sector!standards!were!added.!! The! certification! standard! clearly! defines! principles! and! criteria! in! addition! to! legal!

compliance!as!a!minimum;!! The! certification! standard! relates! to! extraCEuropean! production! and! Europe! as! a!

destination!market!(and!therefore!does!not!include!the!Danube!Soya!Initiative18);!! There!is!sufficient!information!publicly!available!to!assess!and!verify!the!standard.!Independent! third! party! certification! are! considered! crucial! elements! for! an! effective! and!credible!standard!for!consumers!but!was!not!used!a!selection!criterion!as!such.!!Currently,!the!available!certification!standards!mainly!focus!on!onCfarm!environmental!and!social! sustainability! issues.! Standards!may! include!content! that!already!address!a! range!of!issues! that! have! implications! for! the! broader! landscape! in! which! certified! enterprises!operate.!Among!these!are!requirements!to!protect!or!restore!riparian!zones,!establish!buffer!zones,! respect! protected! areas! and! address! land! rights.! Certified! enterprises! are! also!required! in! some! standards! to! conduct! high! conservation! value! (HCV)! assessments! and!produce!landCuse!maps,!as!well!as!measure!GHG!emissions!and!impact!on!water!resources!(ISEAL,! 2016).! OffCfarm! sustainability! issues! –! like! landscapeClevel! deforestation! C! can! be!considered! to! be! in! an! experimental! phase,! with! landscape! approaches! or! jurisdictional!approaches! being! piloted! in! countries! such! as! Brazil,! Ecuador! and! Indonesia.! However,!addressing!wider!deforestation!is!mainly!a!government’s!responsibility!and!an!enforcement!issue.!The!private!sector!can!however!be!very!instrumental!and!supportive!to!address!wider!deforestation.!Companies!like!Unilever!and!Marks!and!Spencer!are!for!example!committed!to!source!only!from!responsibly!managed!jurisdictions.!!Deforestation!In!the!analysis!use!has!been!made!of!the!standards’!main!documents,!and!the!assessment!of!deforestation! by! the! ITC! standards! map! if! such! information! was! not! readily! available.!Standards!a!differ!in!terminology!and!concepts!they!use!for!deforestation!including!pristine,!primary,!native,!natural!areas,!High!Conservation!Value!Areas,!High!Carbon!Stock!Areas!(see!box!below).!According!to!one!analysis! (USAID,!2015),!only!11!of!the!26!assessed!standards!provide! clear! forest! definitions! or! guidelines! for! determination! of! forests! and! woodland!savannahs.!!

18!The! 2012! Brussels! Soy! Declaration,! signed! by! various! companies,! promotes! nonCGMO! soybean! use! and!production!in!Brazil.!Also!in!2012!the!Danube!Soya!Initiative,!with!200!retailer!and!manufacturer!members,!was!set!up!to!promote!sustainable!and!GMOCfree!soy!production!along!the!Danube!River!Basin.!

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Because(the(general(aim(is(to(preserve(the(quality,(quantity(and(carbon(density(of(all(these(forested( ecosystems,( in( our( analysis( all( these( areas( and( their( underlying( concepts( and(definitions( are( combined( into( the( definition( of( deforestation( as( “conversion( of( primary(forests( and( native( woodland( areas,( which( mainly( consist( in( their( original( condition,( to(other(land(uses”((see(annex(2).('!Box:%High%Carbon%Stock%Approach.%!The! High! Carbon! Stock! (HCS)! Approach! is!a! tool! to! help! companies! implement! their! ‘no!deforestation’!commitments!with!a!major!focus!on!palm!oil!supply!chains!but!now!also!starting!to! be! used! with! other! commodities.! The! HCS! Approach! was! developed! to! be! applied! to!developments! in! fragmented! landscapes! in! moist! tropical! forests.! In! this! context,! it! offers! a!coherent! set! of! rules! for! companies! to! implement! their! ‘no! deforestation’! commitments.! The!approach!uses!vegetation!classifications.!the!High!Conservation!Value!(HCV)!approach!identifies!primary!forests!and!those!forests!with!special!ecological!or!social!values!for!conservation.!While!this!is!an!essential!part!of!good!management,!another!mechanism!is!needed!to!define!forest!areas!that!should!be!conserved!as!part!of!‘no!deforestation’!commitments.!Given!that!one!of!the!driving!forces! behind! the! development! of! the! HCS! Approach!was! to! address! the! emissions! associated!with! deforestation,! carbon! stocks! clearly! have! a! key! role! to! play.! However,! carbon! stock!estimates! alone! are! not! the! only! basis! for! defining! HCS! forest:! carbon! stock! measurements,!species! composition! and! forest! structure! are! all! used! to! help! determine! and! map! vegetation!classes.! Importantly,! the! forest! patches! resulting! from! the! vegetation! classification! are! then!further!analysed!to!assess!ecological!viability!and!livelihood!values.!!

Source:(Proforest((2017)(!The!main!mechanism!a! certification! scheme!can!guarantee! that!no!deforestation! is! taking!place! is!by!establishing!a!cutCoff!date!for!forested!areas.!Standards!may!set!a!static!cutCoff!date! (year!X)! or! a! cutCoff! date!of! 1C8! years!before! certification.! The! latter! could! in! theory!lead!to!deforestation!now!and!certification!by!2020C2025.!Therefore,!static!cutCoff!dates!are!the!only!real!guarantee!that!forests!are!not!converted.!On!the!other!hand,!this!may!lead!to!a!

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situation!whereby! producers! on! frontier! areas! sell! to!markets! (domestic! or! international),!which!do!not!care!about!sustainability!and!these!have!no!incentive!to!change!their!practices.!!!In!case!a!commodity!is!produced!on!land!that!has!been!deforested!after!the!cutCoff!date,!it!will!be!in!most!cases!impossible!for!this!commodity!to!get!certified.!Several!standards!allow!for! certification! though,! in! case! a! compensation! project! is! being! set! up.! This! also! touches!upon! the! difference! between! zero! deforestation! and! zero! net! deforestation.! ‘Zero!deforestation’! means! no! deforestation! anywhere,! while! ‘zero! net! deforestation’!acknowledges! that! some! forest! loss! could! be! offset! through! the! restoration! of! forest!elsewhere.!The! latter! leaves! room! for! change! in! the!configuration!of! the! land!use!mosaic,!provided!that!the!net!quantity,!quality!and!carbon!density!of!forests!is!maintained.!Zero!net!deforestation!is!not!achieved!through!the!conversion!of!primary!or!natural!forests!into!fast!growing!plantations,!which!would!count!as!deforestation! in!assessing!progress!against! the!target!(CGF,!n.d.).!!A!clear!definition!of!deforestation! is!also! important! in!order! to!establish!a!baseline!and! in!Monitoring,!Measurement,! Reporting! and!Verification! (MMRV).! The!USAID! analysis! (2015)!identifies!two!major!weaknesses!in!standards!in!general:!

1. Geographic' boundaries:! clear! geographic! boundaries! are! important! in! identifying!certified!production!areas!and!monitoring! impacts.!Most! standards!do!not! require!sufficient! geographic! information! (e.g.! explicit! maps! on! HCV! areas)! to! establish!credible!baselines!and!monitoring!plans;!

2. MMRV'requirements:!Although!most!standards!require!participants!to!monitor!and!measure! performance,! many! do! not! provide! detailed! requirements! for! the!development!of!monitoring!plans!nor!performance!indicators.!

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3.2 Cocoa(Below!several!cocoa!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!are!presented!against!a!limited!number!of!policy!criteria:!!

COCOA(–(sustainability(standards! UTZ(Certified( RA<SAN( Fairtrade( ( ( ( ISO(Cocoa(Supply!chain!(B2B!or!B2C)! B2C B2C B2C! ! ! ! (still!draft)!Supply(Chain(Traceability(Model( ! ! ! ! ! ! !Identity!Preservation! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Segregation! "! ✓! "! ! ! ! !MassDBalance! "! ✓! "! ! ! ! !BookDandDClaim! "! "! "! ! ! ! !Deforestation( ! ! ! ! ! ! !Ban!on!converting!areas!with!high!biodiversity,!conservation!value,!or!carbon!stock!

✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !

CutDoff!date! (2008)! (2005)! "! ! ! ! !Environment( ! ! ! ! ! ! !Reduction!GHG!/!carbon!emissions!! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Maintain!critical!/!sensitive!ecosystems! ✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Minimise!impact!of!(agro)!chemicals! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Spatial!planning!to!avoid!biodiversity!loss! "! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !NonDGMO! "! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Social( ! ! ! ! ! ! !Free,!prior!and!informed!consent! ✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Grievance!mechanism! ✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Legal!land!rights! ✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Indigenous!rights!(ILO!169)! "! "! "! ! ! ! !Food!security!(livelihood)! "! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Gender!policies!and!best!practices! "! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Responsible!labour!conditions!(ILO)! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !General( ! ! ! ! ! ! !MultiDstakeholder!governance! ✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !Third!party!verification! ✓! ✓! "! ! ! ! !!

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Certification! standards! related! to! cocoa!have! a!markedly! different! background!and!history! than!soy! or! palm! oil.! Cocoa! related! initiatives! often! come! from! a! social! and! fair! trade! background!related! to! small! farmers.!The! standards!are!also!all!business! to! consumer! labels!and!sometimes!visible! on! the! end<product.! The! traceability! models! used! are! “Identity! Preserved”! and!“Segregation”!and!“Mass!Balance”.!Sustainable!or! fair! trade!cocoa! is!one!of! the! fastest!growing!market! segments.!UTZ!alone!grew!by!49%!between!2010!–!2014! in!global! sales! in!volume.!Still,!market!uptake!of!certified!cocoa!<!as!in!palm!oil!and!soy!<!is!primarily!occurring!in!Europe.!!The!main!sustainability!standards!in!volume!are!UTZ!Certified,!RA<SAN!and!Fairtrade.!Sustainability!certification!does!not!always!equal!‘deforestation<free’.!However,!UTZ!Certified!does!not!allow!for!deforestation!of!primary!forests!and!demands!respects!for!protected!areas,!protection!of!nature!and!endangered!species.!RA<SAN!does!not!allow!for!clearing!of!natural!forests.!Fairtrade!does!not!have!such!requirements.!!!The! current! draft! ISO! standard! provides! two! requirements! that! limit! conversion! of! natural!vegetation!and! forest!areas!but!does!not!provide!a!ban!or! cut<off!date.!Given! the! reach!of! ISO<standard,!this!cocoa!standard!can!become!very!relevant.!It!is!worthwhile!to!analyse!the!standard!when!the!final!version!is!available.!!General'conclusion:!On!deforestation,!UTZ!and!RA<SAN!are!currently!considered!the!most!relevant!certification!standards!because!they!have!a!cut<off!date!on!deforestation!and!they!meet!also!other!relevant!policy!criteria.!!Therefore,! the! sum! of! UTZ! and! RA<SAN! certified! cocoa! could! be! an! indication! of! the! level! of!deforestation<free!import.!

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! 21!

3.3 Palm'Oil'Below!several!palm!oil!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!are!presented!against!a!limited!number!of!policy!criteria:!!

PALM'OIL'–'sustainability'standards' RSPO' ISSC' RA:SAN' ' ' ' !Supply!chain!(B2B!or!B2C)! B2B,!B2C! B2B! B2C! ! ! ! !Supply'Chain'Traceability'Model' ! ! ! ! ! ! !Identity!Preservation! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Segregation! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !MassDBalance! ✓! ✓� ✓! ! ! ! !BookDandDClaim! ✓! D� D! ! ! ! !Deforestation' ! ! ! ! ! ! !Ban!on!converting!areas!with!high!biodiversity,!conservation!value!or!carbon!stock!

✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !

CutDoff!date! (2005)! (2008)! (2005)! ! ! ! !Environment' ! ! ! ! ! ! !Reduction!GHG!/!carbon!emissions!! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Maintain!critical!/!sensitive!ecosystems! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Minimise!impact!of!(agro)!chemicals! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Spatial!planning!to!avoid!biodiversity!loss! ✓! ✓1! ✓! ! ! ! !NonDGMO! D! ✓1! ✓! ! ! ! !Social' ! ! ! ! ! ! !Free,!prior!and!informed!consent! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Grievance!mechanism! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Legal!land!rights! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Indigenous!rights!(ILO!169)! ✓! ✓! D! ! ! ! !Food!security!(livelihood)! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Gender!policies!and!best!practices! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !Responsible!labour!conditions!(ILO)! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !General' ! ! ! ! ! ! !MultiDstakeholder!governance! ✓! D! ✓! ! ! ! !Third!party!verification! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! ! !

!

! 22!

1" Can" be" covered" by" the" voluntary" add2ons" “ISCC" PLUS" 202201" Environmental" management" and"biodiversity”," “ISCC" PLUS" 205203" Non" GMO" for" Food" &" Feed”" and" “ISCC" PLUS" 205204" Non" GMO" for"technical"markets”"!A! recent! study! on! palm! oil! commissioned! by! the! European! Commission! was! presented! and!discussed!at!a!workshop!on!2!October!2017.!The!draft!report!highlights!historic!and!current!issues!with!palm!oil!expansion!and!production.!The!report!shows!that!the!growing!demand!for!vegetable!oils!can!only!realistically!be!met!by!the!efficient!palm!oil! tree,!and!palm!oil!does!not!have!to!be!associated!per!definition!with!deforestation!(e.g.!expansion!on!degraded!lands).!Problems!mainly!relate!to!control!of!expansion,!enforcement!and!implementation.!!Besides!the!European!Sustainable!Palm!Oil!(ESPO)!initiative!there!are!at!least!39!companies!in!the!signatory! countries! with! a! 100%! sustainable! palm! oil! commitment! (WWF! Palm! Oil! Scorecard!2016).! In! addition,! various! companies! in! Germany! joined! the! German! initiative! on! sustainable!palm! oil! (FONAP).! Some! of! the! companies! with! a! palm! oil! commitment! also! have! a! ‘noTdeforestation’! commitment.! A! list! of! companies! is! presented! in! the! Amsterdam! Declarations!Status!Report!2016T2017.!!Globally,! RSPO! (and! RSPO!Next)! is! the!main! certification! standard!with! app.! 10!million! tonnes.!Most! palm! oil! used! for! biodiesel! within! the! European! Union! is! ISCC! certified19.! Malaysia! and!Indonesia! account! for! 93%! of! global! RSPO! production! (global! market! share! 89%! global!production).! However,! palm! oil! buyers! were! lagging! significantly! behind! their! commitments! to!source!100%!sustainable!palm!oil!supplies!by!2015!(Potts!et!al.,!2014)20.!!!!The!sustainability!standard!chosen!by!the!European!industry!under!ESPO!is!‘RSPO!or!equivalent’.!RSPO!has!a!cutToff!date!of!November!2007,!after!which!new!planting!should!not!replace!primary!forest! or! areas! required! to!maintain!High! Conservation!Value! areas.! Through!RSPO! certification!major! concerns! regarding!deforestation!of!primary! forests!or!high! carbon! stocks! are!addressed.!However,! areas! cleared! after! the! cutToff! date!may! become! RSPOTcertified! if! an! RSPOTapproved!compensation! plan! is! implemented.! The! RSPO! needs! to! be! further! improved! as! peat! land!protection,!burning!policies!and!human!rights!issues!need!to!be!further!addressed!(RSPO!has!the!addition!RSPOTRED!and!RSPOTNEXT).!ISCC!Biomass!is!based!on!the!EU!Renewable!Energy!Directive!and! has! a! cutToff! date! of! January! 2008.! ISCC! includes! high! biodiversity! value! areas! (primary!forests,! conservation! areas,! high! biodiversity! grasslands)! and! high! carbon! stock! areas.! The!Rainforest!Alliance!standard!does!not!allow!for!clearing!of!natural!forests!and!has!a!cutToff!date!of!2005.!!!The!standards!ISPO!and!MSPO!have!not!been!assessed!here!because!they!are!mandatory!and!base!themselves!on!existing!legislation.!They!have!no!cutToff!dates!for!deforestation.!MSPO!states!that!oil! palm! shall! not! be! planted! on! land! with! high! biodiversity! value! unless! it! is! carried! out! in!compliance!with!the!national!and/or!state!biodiversity!legislation.! !General"conclusion:!On!deforestation,!ISCC,!RSPO,!and!RATSAN!are!currently!considered!the!most!relevant!certification!standards!because!they!have!a!cutToff!date!on!deforestation!and!they!meet!also!other!relevant!policy!criteria.!Therefore,!the!sum!of!these!standards!could!be!an!indication!of!the!level!of!deforestationTfree!import.!ISCC!is!however!not!yet!transparent!on!hectares!of!certified!areas!and!volumes!traded.!

19!https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/jun/01/leakedTfiguresTshowTspikeTinTpalmToilTuseTforTbiodieselTinTeurope!20!Potts!et!al!(2014),!The!State!of!Sustainability!Initiatives!Review!2014.!

!

! 23!

3.4 Soy'Below!several!soy!Voluntary!Sustainability!Standards!and!company!schemes!are!presented!against!a!limited!number!of!policy!criteria:!!

SOY'*'sustainability'standards' RTRS' ProTerra' ISSC' RA*SAN' ADM' Amaggi' Bunge' Cargill'Supply!chain!(B2B!or!B2C)! B2B! B2C! B2B! B2C! B2B! B2B! B2B! B2B!Supply'Chain'Traceability'Model' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Identity!Preservation! B! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! B! !Segregation! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ! ! B! !MassBBalance! ✓! B! ✓! ✓! ! ✓! ✓! !BookBandBClaim! ✓! B! B! B! ! ! ✓! !Deforestation' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Ban!on!converting!areas!with!high!biodiversity,!conservation!value!or!carbon!stock!!

✓ ✓ ✓ ✓ ✓

✓

CutBoff!date! 2009!(2008!Amazon)!

2004! 2008! 2005! (2008!!Amazon)!

(2008!!Amazon)!

2016!(2008!Amazon)!

(2008!!Amazon

)!Environment' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Reduction!GHG!/!carbon!emissions!! ✓! ✓! ✓ ✓! B! B! B! ✓!Maintain!critical!/!sensitive!ecosystems! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! (✓)! ✓!Minimize!impact!(agro)!chemicals! ✓! ✓! ✓ ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓!Spatial!planning!to!avoid!biodiversity!loss! ✓! ✓! ✓1! B! B! B! ✓! B!NonBGMO! (✓)! ✓! (✓)1! B! B! B! B! B!Social' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !Free,!prior!and!informed!consent! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓!Grievance!mechanism! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓!Legal!land!rights! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓!Indigenous!rights!(ILO!169)! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! B!Food!security!(livelihood)! B! B! ✓! B! B! B! B! B!Gender!policies!and!best!practices! ✓! ✓! ✓ ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓!Responsible!labour!conditions!(ILO)! ✓! ✓! ✓ ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓!General' ! ! ! ! ! ! ! !MultiBstakeholder!governance! ✓! B! B! ✓! B! B! B! B!Third!party!verification! ✓! ✓! ✓! ✓! B! ✓! ✓! B!

!

! 24!

1" Can" be" covered" by" the" voluntary" add2ons" “ISCC" PLUS" 202201" Environmental" management" and"biodiversity”," “ISCC" PLUS" 205203" Non" GMO" for" Food" &" Feed”" and" “ISCC" PLUS" 205204" Non" GMO" for"technical"markets”"!In!the!signatory!countries!there!are!16!companies!with!a!100%!responsible!soy!commitment!and!24! companies!with! a! ‘no=deforestation’! commitment! (WWF! Soy! Scorecard! 2016).! 2020! is! often!taken!as!the!year!to!fully!realise!the!deforestation=free!sourcing!commitment!(and!related!to!the!New!York!Declaration!on!Forests).!A!list!of!companies!is!presented!in!the!Amsterdam!Declarations!Status! Report! 2016=2017.! These! companies! use! certification! as! a! means! to! meet! their!commitments.!!ProTerra! has! the! earliest! cut=off! date! of! 2004! after! which! native! vegetation! and! areas! of! high!conservation!value!(incl.!primary!forests!and!wetlands)!may!not!be!converted.!The!cut=off!date!can!be! adjusted! for! specific! regions,! and! can! be! modified! to! include! compensatory! measures! for!certain! limited! periods.!However,! the! fundamental! principle! of! the! ProTerra! Standard! is! that!conversion! of! native! vegetation! and! HCVAs! is! not! allowed.! To! that! extent! use! is! made! of! this!exception!is!not!published.!!RTRS! has! a! cut=off! date! of! May! 2009! after! which! no! native! forest! may! be! converted! for! soy!production.! To! guide! responsible! soy! expansion,! the! RTRS! identified! High! Conservation! Value!Areas!(HCVA)!and!defined!zoning!areas!for!Brazil!and!Paraguay.!RTRS!recently!also!decided!with!its!latest! production! standard! on! zero! deforestation.! It! means! that! no! conversion! of! any! natural!vegetation,!steep!slopes!and!areas!designated!by!law!to!serve!the!purpose!of!native!conservation!and/or!cultural!and!social!protection!is!allowed.!!!ISCC!has!a!cut=off!date!of! January!2008!for!areas!with!high!biodiversity!value,!high!conservation!value! or! high! carbon! stock! (such! as! forests! and!woodlands,! peatland,!wetlands,! savannahs! and!biodiverse!grassland).!All!high!conservation!value!areas!must!be!protected!(principle!1).!Principle!1!specifies!areas,!which!are!excluded!from!any!kind!of!agricultural!production.!From!January!2008!on,!users!of!the!ISCC!system!are!not!allowed!to!change!the!status!of!these!areas.!ISCC!PLUS!3!for!the!production!of!biomass!also!states!that!land!that!no!longer!falls!in!the!2008!categories!cannot!be!used.!It!also!states!that!raw!material!should!not!be!obtained!from!land!with!high!carbon!stock.!This!provision!does!not!apply!if!at!the!time!the!raw!material!was!obtained!the!land!had!the!same!status!as!it!had!in!January!2008.!!Companies!such!as!ADM,!Amaggi,!Bunge!and!Cargill!comply!with!the!voluntary!Brazilian!Amazon!Soy!Moratorium!(no!soy!from!the!Amazon!after!2008)!although!according!to!the!Brazilian!Forest!Code!a!certain!degree!of!deforestation! is! legally!allowed.!ADM!has!developed!a!Responsible!Soy!Standard! (RSS)! and! Sustainable! Feed! Standard! (SFS).! The! company! Amaggi! developed! its!responsible! soy! standard!as! a!minimum!standard! for! farmers! to!help! them! towards! responsible!production! and! prepare! them! for! RTRS,! ProTerra! or! ISCC! certification.! Regarding! deforestation,!this! standard! does! not! allow! soy! from! deforested! areas! in! the! Amazon! after! 2008,! illegal!deforestation!(IBAMA!embargo)!or!non=compliance!with!the!Brazilian!Forest!Code!(which!requires!protection!of!a!%!of!the!land!owned,!respectively!allows!forest!conversion!between!20!and!80!%).!!The!company!standards!Bunge!Pro!S!and!Cargill! Triple=S!also!have!set!cut=off!dates.!Bunge!uses!2016!as!cut=off!date! (which!can!be!considered! late! in!comparison!with!other!standards)!and! for!example! third! party! verification.! It! does! not! segregate! certified! soy! from! non=certified! soy.!Unilever! has! developed! its! own! Sustainable! Agriculture! Code! to! promote! on=farm! sustainable!practices!but!also!buy!commodities!certified!by!standards!such!as!RTRS!and!RSPO.!!In!addition!to!the!main!standards! listed!there!are!many!others,!developed!for!specific!purposes,!producers!or!markets/countries.!Examples!are:!

!

! 25!

AAPRESID! +! The! Argentinean! network! of! producers! Aapresid21!has! its! own! Certified! Agriculture!standard!but!is!also!a!member!of!RTRS.!

CEFETRA+CRS!–!The!Dutch!company!CEFETRA!buys!and! supplies! raw!materials! to! the! food,! feed!and!fuel!industries!and!is!a!member!of!RTRS!since!2006.!Together!with!Control!Union!they!started! the!Certified!Responsible! Soy! (CRS)! standard! and! is! key! supplier! to!BEMEFA.! ! The!standard!has!a!cut+off!for!the!Amazon!biome!(2006)!and!elsewhere!(2009).!

BFA!SS!+!Belgian!Feed!Association!Sustainable!Soy:!The!standard!has!been!developed!by!BEMEFA!the!Belgian!Compound!Feed!Industry!(which!represents!98%!of!Belgian!Feed!production),!before!but!aligned!with!RTRS.!The!intention!was!that!BFA!SS!facilitates!a!transition!to!RTRS.!BFA!SS!also!complies!with!the!Amazon!Soy!Moratorium!using!a!cut+off!date!of!2006.!

FEMAS!–!Feed!Materials!Assurance!Scheme,!United!Kingdom.!The!purpose!of!the!FEMAS!scheme!is!to!ensure!the!safety!of!ingredients!used!in!the!production!of!feed.!They!cooperate!with!RTRS!and!the!developed!dual!certification!module!combines!RTRS!sustainability!criteria!with!a!food!safety!certification.!

!General' conclusion:! On! deforestation,! RTRS! and! ProTerra! are! currently! considered! the! most!relevant!certification!standards!because!they!have!a!cut+off!date!on!deforestation!and!they!meet!also!other!relevant!policy!criteria.!Therefore,!the!sum!of!these!standards!could!be!an!indication!of!the! level! of! deforestation+free! import.! ISCC! standards! are! compliant! with! relevant! European!directives!and!regulations,!as!the!cut+off!date!(2008)!in!accordance!with!the!EU!Renewable!Energy!Directive!shows.!However,!ISCC!is!currently!not!transparent!about!its!certified!areas!and!volumes!traded.!In!theory!RA+SAN!also!has!relevant!certification!but!it!seems!no!soy!is!actually!certified!yet.!The! standards! listed! are! compliant!with! the! voluntary! Soy! Sourcing!Guidelines! of! the! European!Feed!Manufacturers'!Federation.!RTRS,!ProTerra,!ISCC!and!RA+SAN!are!further!also!explicitly!listed!as!compliant!with!the!Sustainable!Soy!Sourcing!Guidelines!of!the!Consumers!Goods!Forum.!!!!

21!AAPRESID!=!the!Argentine!Association!of!Zero+Tillage!Producers!(www.aapresid.org.ar)!

!

! 26!

4 Concluding+remarks+

4.1 Status+relevant+deforestation8free+voluntary+sustainability+standards+The! import! of! the! analysed! commodities! by! the! AD8group! is! smaller! than! the! combined!consumption! in! producer! countries! themselves! and! China,! India! and! USA.! Nonetheless,! 100%!certification! of! European! import!would! provide! a! very! strong!market! signal! and! boost! certified!sustainable! production! in! producer! countries.! The! process! itself! towards! full! certification! will!probably! trigger! discussions! on! the! effectiveness! of! standards! and!wider! landscape8level! issues!such!as!deforestation,!climate!change,!sustainability,!food!security!and!poverty.!The!current!status!of!certified!areas!by!deforestation8free!relevant!standards!per!country!for!cocoa,!palm!oil!and!soy!are! presented! in! the! tables! in! annex! A! and! the! figures! below! (data! sourced! from! the! different!standards!and!Lernoud,et!al,! 2017).! The!FAOSTAT22!database!provides! information!on!harvested!area!of!2014!but!not!on!the!total!area!planted.!!!Cocoa:!!Please&note&that&cocoa&producers&could&be&both&UTZ&and&RA6SAN&certified,&so&the&sum&of&certified&hectares&is&too&optimistic!&To&what&extent&could&not&be&determined.&In!Côte!d’Ivoire,! the!combined!certification!of!UTZ!and!RA8SAN!reached!35%!and! in!Ghana!16%.!The!second!largest!cocoa!producer!in!harvested!area,!Indonesia,!only!has!5%!cocoa!area!certified.!In!Nigeria!(#4)!only!6%!was!certified.!!Figure&2:&Top&10&countries&percentage&cocoa&area&certified&by&UTZ&and&RA6SAN&(2014).&&

&!!!!!!!!!!!

Palm+oil:+In! Indonesia!certified!area!by!RSPO!and!RA8SAN!reached!17%!in!2014.! In!Malaysia!this!was!25%.!The! third! largest! producer! country,! Nigeria,! has! no! certification! by! these! standards.! The! other!major!standard!ISCC!could!not!be!included!due!to!a!lack!of!data.!!Figure&3:&Top&10&countries&percentage&palm&oil&area&certified&by&RSPO&and&RA6SAN&(2014).&&

!!!+++++++

22!http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data!

!

! 27!

!Soy:!Brazil!had!the!highest!percentage!of!certification!by!ProTerra!and!RTRS!with!6.7%.!The!other!major!producer!countries!USA!(0.03%)!and!Argentina!(0.8%)!have!very!limited!certification.!!Figure'4:'Top'10'countries'percentage'soy'area'certified'by'ProTerra'and'RTRS'(2014).''

!!!!!!!!!!!!

!There!is!currently!insufficient!reliable!data!available!to!assess!the!volume!of!certified!cocoa,!palm!oil!and!soy!imported!into!the!AD!signatory!countries!by!these!voluntary!sustainability!standards.!!

4.2 General!conclusion!From! the! point! of! view! of! deforestation! in! this! report,! the! following! standards! ensure!deforestationMfree! commodity! production! and! are! transparent! about! their! certified! areas! and!volumes:!

o Cocoa:!UTZ!and!RAMSAN!o Palm'oil:!RSPO!and!RAMSAN!!o Soy:!ProTerra!and!RTRS!(and!RAMSAN)!

ISCC! is! not! yet! transparent! enough! to! provide! the! necessary!monitoring! data! but! a! process! for!more! transparency! is! currently! onMgoing.! RAMSAN! has! not! certified! soy! yet.! Commodity! import!certified!by!one!of!these!standards!would!contribute!significantly!to!ensuring!these!commodities!and!their!products!are!deforestationMfree.!!!It! is!not!clear!yet!on!how!to!deal!with!schemes!from!companies!(e.g.!Bunge,!Cargill),!which!may!also!prohibit!deforestation!of!primary!/!pristine/!native!forests!and!woodland!areas,!but!are!not!fully! independent! and! less! transparent! on! various! issues.! The! government! schemes! ISPO! and!MSPO!allow!legal!deforestation,!also!of!primary!forests.!!!

!

! 28!

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SAN!(2016),!Sustainable!Agriculture!Standard;!For!farms’!and!producer!groups’!crop!and!cattle!production.!July!2017,!Sustainable!Agriculture!Network.!

Thunen!(2017),!Entwaldungsfrei!Agrarrohstoffe!Soja!Zertifizierungssysteme.!

Tropical!Forest!Alliance!2020![TFA!2020]!(n.d.),!Tropical+Forest+Alliance+2020:+Reducing+CommodityPDriven+Deforestation.!

USAIDRLEAF!(2015),!The!Potential!of!Voluntary!Sustainability!Initiatives!to!Reduce!Emissions!from!Deforestation!and!Forest!Degradation!

UTZ!(2015),!Certification!Protocol!4.0!

UTZ!(2015),!Code!of!Conduct!Cocoa!Module!v1.1!

UTZ!(2015),!Statistics!Report!Cocoa!2015!

WRI!(2012),!Indonesia’s!moratorium!on!new!forest!concessions.!

WWF!(2016),!Palm!Oil!Scorecard!2016!

WWF!(2016),!Soy!Scorecard!2016!

!

! i!

Annex%A:%Definitions%!Definitions!by!FAO!and!CBD.!https://www.cbd.int/forest/definitions.shtml!!Deforestation:!The!conversion!of!forest!to!other!land!use!or!the!longAterm!reduction!of!the!tree!canopy!cover!below!the!minimum!10%!threshold!(FAO!FRA!2010).!Changes!within!the!forest!class!(e.g.!from!closed!to!open!forest)!which!negatively!affect!the!stand!or!site!and,!in!particular,!lower!the!productive!capacity,!are!termed!forest!degradation!(FAO!2000).!!!Primary!forest:!Forest!of!native!species,!where!there!are!no!clearly!visible!indications!of!human!activities!and!the!ecological!processes!are!not!significantly!disturbed.!!!!Forest:!Land!spanning!more!than!0.5!hectares!with!trees!higher!than!5!metres!and!a!canopy!cover!of!more!than!10%,!or!trees!able!to!reach!these!thresholds!in!situ.!!It!does!not!include!land!that!is!predominantly!under!agricultural!or!urban!land!use.!Forest!is!determined!by!both!the!presence!of!trees!and!the!absence!of!other!predominant!land!uses.!Areas!under!reforestation!that!have!not!yet!reached!but!are!expected!to!reach!a!canopy!cover!of!10%!and!a!tree!height!of!5!m!are!included,!as!are!temporarily!unstocked!areas,!resulting!from!human!intervention!or!natural!causes,!which!are!expected!to!regenerate.!FAOAFRA!2005A2010.!!!Native!species:!A!species,!subspecies!of!lower!taxon,!occurring!within!its!natural!range!(past!or!present)!and!dispersal!potential!(i.e.!within!the!range!it!occupies!naturally!or!could!occupy!without!direct!or!indirect!introduction!or!care!by!humans).!FAO!FRA!2010.!!!Tree:!A!woody!perennial!with!a!single!main!stem,!or!in!the!case!of!coppice!with!several!stems,!having!a!more!of!less!definite!crown.!FAO!FRA!2010.!!

!

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Annex%B:%Certified%areas%cocoa,%palm%oil%and%soy%by%selected%standards.%%Table%1:%Cocoa%production%and%certification%by%UTZ%and%RA@SAN%in%2014% Please& note& that& cocoa& producers& could& be& both& UTZ& and& RA6SAN& certified,& so& the& sum& of&certified&hectares&is&too&optimistic!&To&what&extent&could&not&be&determined.&

!Country(

Area(harvested(2014((ha)( UTZ( RA:SAN( Combined( %(

1! Côte!d’Ivoire! !2.748.357!! 506.478!! !453.429!! 959.907! 35%!2! Indonesia! !1.727.400!! !33.768!! !46.765!! 80.533! 5%!3! Ghana! !1.683.765!! !132.107!! !138.168!! 270.275! 16%!4! Nigeria! !1.374.399!! 61.106! !20.662!! 81.768! 6%!5! Brazil! !704.122!! 1.538!

!1.538! 0,2%!

6! Cameroon! !670.000!! 15.320! !13.949!! 29.269! 4%!7! Ecuador! !372.637!! 23.971! !19.202!! 43.175! 12%!8! Colombia! !160.276!!

! ! ! !9! Dominican!Republic! !150.943!!!

!24.367!! 24.367! 16%!10! Papua!New!Guinea! !110.371!!

!!1.854!! 1.854! 2%!

11! Peru! !106.635!! 33,482!!

33.482! 31%!12! India! !71.000!!

! ! ! !13! Venezuela! !63.025!!! ! ! !14! Mexico! !59.624!! 513!

!!513! 1%!

15! Liberia! !52.900!!! ! ! !16! Uganda! !51.914!! 14.320!

!14.320! 28%!

17! Sierra!Leone! !44.000!! 19.374!!

19.374! 44%!18! Togo! !32.813!! 489!

!489! 1%!

19! Haiti! !29.862!!! ! ! !20! Congo! !26.102!! 5.607!

!5.607! 21%!

21! Sao!Tome!and!Principe! !23.033!!! ! ! !22! Guinea! !20.000!!! ! ! !23! Malaysia! !16.102!!! ! ! !24! Bolivia! !14.185!!! ! ! !25! Solomon!Islands! !12.200!!! ! ! !

!Total! !10.325.665!! 848.075! 718.396!! 1.566.471!!

!*!Source!area!harvested:!FAOSTAT!commodities!**!Source!on!VSS:!the!standards!and!Lernoud!et!al!(2017)! UTZ!also!certified!1,925!ha!in!Viet!Nam!(no!data!from!FAO!on!harvested!area).!RAASAN!also!certified!12,565!ha!in!Tanzania!(but!according!to!FAO!Tanzania!has!total!of!7,900!ha!of!cocoa!area!harvested).!

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Table%2:%Palm%oil%production%and%certification%by%RSPO%and%RA@SAN%in%2014.%&(

Country((Area(harvested(

2014((ha)( RSPO( RA:SAN( Combined( %(1! Indonesia! !7.428.752!! !1.227.004!! !6.042!! !1.233.046!! 17%!2! Malaysia! !4.689.321!! !1.190.989!! !W!!!! !1.190.989!! 25%!3! Nigeria! !3.031.661!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !4! Thailand! !684.198!! !19.555!! !W!!!! !19.555!! 3%!5! Ghana! !349.040!! !12.101!! !W!!!! !12.101!! 3%!6! Guinea! !310.865!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !7! Côte!d’Ivoire! !273.709!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !8! Ecuador! !272.011!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !9! Colombia! !266.516!! !25.231!! !5.169!! !30.400!! 11%!10! DR!Congo! !176.003!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !11! Papua!New!Guinea! !155.641!! !143.298!! !W!!!! !143.298!! 92%!12! Cameroon! !138.000!! ! ! !W!!!! !13! Honduras! !130.000!! !W!!!! !10.191!! !10.191!! 8%!14! Brazil! !126.559!! !48.855!! !28.443!! !77.298!! 61%!15! Guatemala! !110.000!! !18.892!! !W!!!! !18.892!! 17%!16! Costa!Rica! !77.750!! !43.192!! !W!!!! !43.192!! 56%!17! Philippines! !55.083!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !18! Mexico! !50.868!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !19! China! !50.555!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !20! Venezuela! !40.198!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !21! Peru! !37.567!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !22! Benin! !35.788!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !23! Sierra!Leone! !27.770!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !24! Angola! !23.026!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !25! Liberia! !17.439!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !W!!!! !( Total( 18.558,320(( 2.729.117(( (49.845(( (2.778.962(( (

*!Source!area!harvested:!FAOSTAT!commodities!**!Source!on!VSS:!the!standards!and!Lernoud!et!al!(2017)!!!

!

! iv!

Table%3:%Soy%production%and%certification%by%ProTerra%and%RTRS%in%2014.%!

(Country(

Area(harvested(2014((ha)(

ProTerra(2014(

RTRS(2014( Combined( %(

1!United!States!of!America! !33.423.750!! !10.000!! !W!!!! !10.000!! 0,03%!

2! Brazil! !30.273.763!! !1.780.000!! !243.218!! !2.023.218!! 6,68%!3! Argentina! !19.252.552!! W! !156.296!! !156.296!! 0,81%!4! India! !10.908.000!! W! !11.619!! !11.619!! 0,11%!5! China! !6.800.568!! W! !19.333!! !19.333!! 0,28%!6! Paraguay! !3.500.000!! W! !15.009!! !15.009!! 0,43%!7! Canada! !2.235.100!! !2.500!! !3.374!! !5.874!! 0,26%!8! Russian!Federation! !1.915.895!! !15.000!! W! !15.000!! 0,78%!9! Ukraine! !1.792.900!! W! W! !W!!!!

!10! Uruguay! !1.321.400!! W! !890!! !890!! 0,07%!11! Bolivia! !1.265.572!! W! W! !W!!!!

!12! Nigeria! !719.300!! W! W! !W!!!!!13! Indonesia! !615.685!! W! W! !W!!!!!14! South!Africa! !502.900!! W!

!!W!!!!

!15! South!Korea! !300.000!! W! W! !W!!!!!16! Italy! !232.867!! W! W! !W!!!!!17! Mexico! !205.629!! W! W! !W!!!!!18! Serbia! !154.249!! W! W! !W!!!!!19! Myanmar! !150.960!! W! W! !W!!!!!20! Malawi! !139.005!! W! W! !W!!!!!21! Japan! !131.600!! W! W! !W!!!!!22! Kazakhstan! !116.374!! W! W! !W!!!!!23! Zambia! !113.759!! W! W! !W!!!!!24! Viet!Nam! !109.351!! W! W! !W!!!!!25! Cambodia! !102.000!! W! W! !W!!!!!

(Total(( (116.283.179(( (1.807.500(( (449.739(( (2.257.239(( 9,46%(

*!Source!area!harvested:!FAOSTAT!commodities!**!Source!on!VSS:!the!standards!and!Lernoud!et!al!(2017)!!ProTerra!also!certified!2,500!ha!in!France.!!